{"product_id":"supernatant-synbiotic-formula","title":"Supernatant Synbiotic","description":"\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Supernatant Synbiotic Formula is an effective antimicrobial.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBioImmersion’s advanced Super Blend of naturally occurring whole probiotic organisms with their Supernatant metabolites and microRNA (ORNs - Oligoribonucleotides) contains important nutrients and factors that help protect and balance the gut microbiota. 34 billion CFU per gram.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupernatant (or as some call it postbiotic or parabiotic) is the fermented “soup” that contains powerful probiotic metabolites: enzymes, such as bile hydrolase, lactase, and others, peptides, proteins, vitamins, short chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, biosurfactants, microRNA or ORNs, and other nutritional substances. Supernatant and microRNAs are the power behind the new emerging research on immune-biotics: the antimicrobial qualities exerted by probiotics and their metabolites (Arena et al., 2018).*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLearn the science of probiotics and their Supernatant in the Research tab.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Supernatant Synbiotic is vegan, nonGMO, kosher, and gluten, soy, and dairy free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003eDescription \u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSUPERNATANT SYNBIOTIC FORMULA\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eBioImmersion’s Probiotic Super Blend\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eis an advanced formulation of naturally occurring whole probiotic organisms with their Supernatant metabolites and Oligoribonucleotides (ORNs or MicroRNA). 30 billion CFU per gram.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe super blend includes:\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eProbiotics-\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus\u003c\/i\u003e;\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrebiotics-\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eInulin from Chicory root;\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupernatant\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e[or postbiotic]\u003cb\u003e-\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ea nutritional metabolites “soup” that is created from\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eeach\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eof the probiotic organisms, which include their lactic acid, enzymes, vitamins, short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, bio-surfactants, bile salt hydrolase, and their\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eORNs\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e(Oligoribonucleotides;\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003emicroRNA\u003c\/b\u003e). The supernatant is freeze-dried along with the good bacteria to form a powerful antimicrobial formula.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShort chain fatty acids are also known to be the main nutritive energy source for the enterocytes (cells of the intestinal lining), hence, increasing production of short chain fatty acids improves the overall integrity of the GI tract membrane and tightening up cell junctions.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur probiotics are\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003enaturally occurring,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003ewhole organisms\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewith their microRNAs (what ORNs are made of), they wake up quickly and are ready to multiply and build a robust healthy ecosystem in our alimentary canal, from mouth to anus. In order for probiotic to multiply, they need particular foods: dietary fiber and prebiotics they can metabolized in the GI Tract. Inulin, polyphenols, and beta glucan have been found to be excellent sources of fiber and prebiotic for microbes to ferment and metabolize (Holscher \u0026amp; Holscher et al., 2017; 2015, Etxeberria et al., 2013). The Supernatant Synbiotic formula is Vegan, Kosher, Non GMO, and free of Dairy, Soy, and Gluten.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eSupernatant Synbiotic Formula\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewas developed to address the mounting problem of life-threatening hospital generated infections (nosocomal infections) from organisms such as \u003cem\u003eC. difficele, Staph aureus, Klebseilla\u003c\/em\u003e, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. The formula is comprised of supernatant’s many nutrients including the well-researched antibacterial substances such as bacteriocins, which suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Cotter \u0026amp; Hill, 2013). Probiotics and their supernatant’s metabolites, including microRNA (or ORNs) are shown in research to regulate a balanced ecosystem in the GI tract and protect against bacterial pathogens (Aguilar et al., 2019; Chenoll et al., 2017; Goldenberg et al., 2013; Górska et al., 2016; Kawahara et al., 2015).*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eA synbiotic\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSynbiotic is defined as a “mixture of a prebiotic and a probiotic that beneficially affects the host by enhancing the survival and the implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gut, by selectively stimulating growth and\/or activating the metabolism of a specific or few number of health-promoting bacteria” (Gibson \u0026amp; Roberfroid, 1995; Roberfroid, 2002). Most of BioImmersion’s probiotics formulas are synbiotics, which means they include prebiotics from plant fibers and inulin from chicory root. Inulin is naturally found in many different plant foods, such as garlic, onions, asparagus, chicory, artichokes, bananas, and more (Gibson et al., 1994; 2010).*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicrobiome Project\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ehas taught us thathuman microbiota, the microorganisms that live inside us (GI Tract, mouth, vagina) and on us (skin), consist of trillion symbiotic microbes (Ursell et al., 2012). First coined as “microbiome” by Joshua Lederberg in 2001, microbiome is the combined genes of the microbiota, and signifies “the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganism that literally share our body space and have been all but ignored as determinants of health and disease.” In other words, the microbial communities. Rob Knight emphasizes that there are10 trillion human cells to 100 trillion microbial cells (2017, TED talk) – which means, there are more of ‘them’ than of ‘us.’ Aptly, Turnbaugh et al. (2012) describes this amazing genome collective of human and ‘other’ as a human “supra-organism.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eSupra-Organism:\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e  How do we achieve harmony and health as a human supra-organism? Just like plants rely on their microbiome for life-support functions (e.g., nutrients acquisition and protection against stressors and pathogens), so do humans rely on their microbiome for better health (Pérez-Jaramillo et al., 2018). Since each person embodies a unique system of human genes as well as harbors a “\u003ci\u003ecore\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eset of specific bacterial taxa” (Qin et al., 2010), researchers are coming to the conclusion that plant-based foods healthily build our body cells and contribute the right nutrients and fiber to our core microbiota. In essence, researchers of traditional tribes find that the ‘hunter-gather’ still eats more plant-based diet, high in fiber, and very low animal meat, while the Western or modern societies eat protein and meat intensive diets (Caprara, 2018; Desmond et al., 2018; Gomez et al., 2016; Obregon-Tito et al., 2015; Schnorr et al., 2016, 2014; Turnbaugh et al., 2009; Ley et al., 2006).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHence, achieving a healthy ‘supra-organism’ requires a combination of plant-based foods that nourishes and healthily feed both micro-organisms and human beings -- precisely the principles that BioImmersion employ in the super blend and other formulations. To quickly form healthy colonies, organisms must have the type of foods they need – plant fiber and polyphenols. Food \u0026amp; microbial science show a special interactive relationship between polyphenols from plant-foods and probiotics–a ‘two-way relationship between polyphenols ←→ microbiotia,’ each helps the other, and together they modulate the gut microbiota to benefit human health (Cardona et al., 2013; Pathak et al., 2018).\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMICROBIAL ECOLOGY\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eHistory:\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e  Probiotics are transient organisms found in a variety of fermented foods, from grains, to fruits, vegetables, legumes like soy, and dairy. Historically, these foods were consumed daily in every part of the world. Probiotic microorganisms belong mostly to the following genera:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eLactobacillu\u003c\/i\u003es,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eBifidobacterium\u003c\/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003eLactococus\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eStreptococcus\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eEnterococcus\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(Markowiak \u0026amp; Śliżewska, 2017).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, Lilly \u0026amp; Stillwell defined the meaning of probiotics as substances produced by protozoan which stimulated another organism, in opposition to antibiotic which inhibits or kills other organisms. Parker (1974) later defined probiotics as ‘organisms and substances which contribute to intestinal microbial balance,’ while Savage (1977) described the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract as “10\u003csup\u003e14\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e[100 trillion] indigenous prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial cells” (p. 107). Microbial organisms were further described by Fuller (1989; 1992) as a supplemental food, ‘live microbial feed supplement’ that effect the host (animal or human) by improving intestinal microbial ecology and balance.  The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defined probiotics as “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amount confer a health benefits on the host” (2001; see also Tufarelli \u0026amp; laudadio, 2016).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn October 2013, the International Scientific Association gathered an expert panel to redefine and discuss probiotics. The agreement that probiotics confer health benefits was reinforced, and a more accurate wording was used to describe probiotics as, “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host” (Hill et al., 2014). In this way, the panel differentiated between probiotics as microorganisms and the commensals that are natural in the gut microbiota. However, when these commensal strains are collected from the gut, isolated, and characterized as giving health benefits, they can then be referred to as probiotics. In other words, probiotics need to show they are effective. Unfortunately, the term probiotic is used to sell skin care, shampoos and all sorts of other products, without the due diligence that signify the effectiveness of the probiotic, and therefore, misleading the public. To use the term ‘probiotic’ – a\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003ehealth effect\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003emust be shown (Hill et al., 2014).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eLactic acid bacterial (LAB)\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eLAB species typically produce lactic acid as a main end-product of carbohydrate and fiber fermentation. LAB organisms are known for their adhesion to the mucus layer of the GI tract. This mucus layer plays an important role in protecting the intestinal epithelial cells against pathogens and damage, as well as provide a perfect milieu for LAB organisms to attach, grow and form their communities (Nishiyama et al., 2016). Streptococcus thermophilus is not part of the Lactobacillus species although this microorganism is also considered a lactic acid bacterium (Kechagia et al., 2012). Bifidobacterium uses a different metabolic pathway, and its name is actually a ‘misnomer’ as very few Bifidobacterium adopt a bifid morphology (even when exposed to stressful conditions), while the rod structure is the intrinsic morphology of the majority (Rajashekharan et al., 2017).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eBeneficial Microbiota Milieu:\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e  Probiotic organisms have the potential to shift the gut microbiota milieu (composition) from a pathogenic predominance to a more beneficial micro-biotic ecosystem (Costello et al., 2012; Schnorr et al., 2016; Zitvogel et al., 2017). The fermentation process by probiotics in the gut microbiota keep at bay harmful pathogens by preventing their growth (Anzaku \u0026amp; Pedro, 2017). They assist the body’s immune system and contribute to a host of other positive health benefits. When the balance in the microbiome shifts toward a pathogenic community, it weakens the abilities of the helpful microbiota communities. An impaired microbiome is repeatedly shown in research to lead into conditions such as obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other chronic illnesses (Patil et al., 2012; Schnorr et al., 2016; Kobyliak et al., 2016).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn important conversation in the scientific community is the role probiotic play in creating or modifying the composition of the gut microbiota toward better health (Sanders et al., 2018; Bron et al., 2017; Sanders, 2016). Globally, obesity is progressing and almost at the level of a pandemic, causing other chronic metabolic diseases to manifest (Dahiya et al., 2017). Since probiotics are transient in nature, and the gut lining continues to shed and renew its cells, how long do probiotic microbes stay in the gastrointestinal tract? And does a shorter duration have a power to create a healthy microbiome? Some say that although probiotics may not reside in the gut longer than two weeks, they do offer many benefits (Sanders et al., 2018), while others see a need for more specific research on fecal microbiota and probiotics (Kristensen et al., 2016).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the core of this discussion is the need for a unified global regulatory frameworks and research methods, including a universal classification (nomenclature) of probiotic organisms to decrease consumer confusion and improve the scientific requirement for the commercial industry at large (Sanders et al., 2011). The gut microbial community includes bacteria (anaerobic and aerobic), viruses, fungi, with a variety of disease-causing pathogens and parasites (Howarth \u0026amp; Wang, 2013). Some microorganisms are shown to be helpful for human health, while others cause much distress. We have discussed how our diet, in particular, heavy consumption of meat, eggs, and dairy, change the composition of the microbiome (Matthews et al., 2018; Singh et al., 2017), but moreover, exposure to pesticides and herbicides (Stanaway et al., 2017), and other foods and environmental chemicals (Roca-Saavedra et al., 2017), create a heavy burden on the body’s ability to function well. As research continues to uncover new facets of research on micro-organisms, including probiotics, we will update this document. Stay tune also to Seann Bardell’s Forward Thinking emails found in the News within the Resources tab:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/blog.bioimmersion.com\/\"\u003ehttp:\/\/blog.bioimmersion.com\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eWhat do probiotic achieve in our GI Tract?\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAlthough the gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, probiotics have exhibited many health benefits, including weight loss and improvement of metabolic diseases (Dahiya et al., 2017), boosting and supporting the immune system (de Vos et al., 2017), strengthening the intestinal barrier function (Blackwood et al., 2017), supporting colicky babies (Rhoads et al., 2018; Pärtty et al., 2012), and of course competing against pathogenic bacteria (Szajewska et al., 2016; Ayala et al., 2014; Johnston et al., 2012; Manzoni et al., 2006).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEven more so, probiotic organisms perform multitudes of other beneficial functions in the body: research shows that probiotics help to lower toxins (Yu et al., 2016; Qixiao et al., 2015; Amalaradjou \u0026amp; Bhunia, 2012), keep cholesterol down (Cani et al., 2011, 2009), assist in weight management (Everard \u0026amp; Cani, 2013), digestion and absorption of nutrients (Wang \u0026amp; Ji, 2018; Francavilla et al., 2017), elimination (Eskesen et al., 2015; Dimidi et al., 2014), and even function as anti-aging mediators (Buford, 2017; Nagpal et al., 2018). In other words, probiotics are shown in research to maintain a healthy ecological balance in the human gut and perform many beneficial functions.\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSUPERNATAT\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eWhat is supernatant?\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e  Supernatant is the fermented medium created during the culturing process of probiotics. Supernatant is the fermented “soup” that contains important probiotic metabolites, such as enzymes, peptides, proteins, vitamins, short chain fatty acids, and other nutrients and factors, including antimicrobials such as Bacteriocins that may be used as a possible alternative to antibiotics (Cotter, Ross, \u0026amp; Hill, 2013; Yang et al., 2014). Supernatant, or as some call it, “postbiotic” (Auilar-Toalá et al., 2018), or “parabiotic” (Choudhury \u0026amp; Kamilya, 2018), is shown in research to have powerful antimicrobial properties with the potential to block adhesion, invasion and translocation of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eE. coli\u003c\/i\u003e, yet it is gentle enough to be used to ‘enhance neonatal resistance to systemic\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eEscherichia coli\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eK1 infection by accelerating development of intestinal defense’ (He et al., 2017). In fact, Lazar et al.’s (2009) in vitro study concluded that the soluble probiotic metabolites, or supernatant, might actually interfere with the beginning stages of adherence and colonization of selected\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eE. coli\u003c\/i\u003e. This means that the supernatant itself exudes protective effects (Lazar et al., 2009), as well as work synergistically with probiotic organisms to stimulate the immune system against pathogenic invasion (Ditu et al., 2014).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eImmunobiotics\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e  The combination of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their metabolites is given much consideration as a method to improve human immune response against viral and fungal overgrowth. The term “immunobiotic” is a relatively new way to describe the antimicrobial qualities exerted by probiotics and their metabolites (Arena et al., 2018). The term ‘immunobiotic’ has been proposed to define beneficial microbes with the ability to regulate the immune system and lower inflammation of the gut tissue (Villena \u0026amp; Kitazawa, 2017; Villena et al., 2016). For example, the probiotics\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eL. rhamnosus\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eand\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eL. plantarum\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003ecarry immunobiotic properties and are shown to increase protection against viral intestinal infections (Albarracin et al., 2017). In a different study on mice, Kikuchi et al. (2014) discovered that oral administration of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eL. plantarum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eenhanced IgA secretion in both intestine and lung tissues, supporting against influenza virus infection. Immunobiotics, the combination of probiotics and their supernatant metabolites, have been found to support and benefit respiratory immunity (Zelaya et al., 2016), modulate mucosal cytokine profiles, IgA levels, and more, in various conditions of gastrointestinal inflammation (Carvalho et al., 2017).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eBacteriocins and Antimicrobial Properties\u003c\/i\u003e: \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eOne of the properties that is given much attention is the bacterially produced antimicrobial peptides of bacteriocins (e.g., Cotter \u0026amp; Hill, 2013; Yang et al., 2014; Cotter et al., 2005). Already in 2005, Cotter \u0026amp; Hill observed that bacteriocin nisin functions by binding to lipid II, which is also the target of vancomycin antibiotic. This led to the suggestion that ‘bacteriocin nisin’ could be used as a template to design novel drugs. In 2018, the research to discover the mechanism of bacteriocin against pathogenic activity, including\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c\/i\u003e, continued with the discovery of critical features in the structure of bacteriocins that gives it such a ‘potent activity against pathogenic\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003estaphylococci\u003c\/i\u003e’ (O’Connor et al., 2018).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eMetabolic Disorders\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e Intestinal dysbiosis and endotoxemia have been linked to metabolic disorders: obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (Leite et al., 2017). Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is a molecular element of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and typically consist of lipid A (or endotoxin), a ‘core’ oligosaccharide, and a distal polysaccharide, (or O-antigen). LPS also are found in diverse Gram-negative bacteria, many of which are pathogenic to both humans and plants (Raetz \u0026amp; Whitfield, 2002). LPS (also termed endotoxin) serves as a shield from the environment and at the same time is recognized by the immune system as a marker for the entrance (or invasion) of pathogens, which in turn causes inflammatory response, and in an extreme response can bring about endotoxic shock (Rosenfeld \u0026amp; Shai, 2006).  LPS causes inflammatory immunogens that circulate at low grade levels in healthy individuals, while high continuous levels instigate pro-inflammatory markers in the blood, e.g., interleukin-6, interleukin-1-alpha, interferon-gamma, triglycerides and post-prandial insulin. Proinflammatory markers are correlated with the risk of developing a variety of chronic illness, including increase risk of atherosclerosis (Erridge et al., 2007; see Cani et al., 2007).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the body is a mechanism of many interactive systems and components, a reaction in one system can instigate a positive or a negative chain of events in another. For example, in a clinical study, Leite et al. (2017) demonstrated that Gram-negative species (e.g.,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eBacteroides vulgatus\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003erodentium\u003c\/i\u003e) were found in stools of individuals with type 2 diabetes, as well as an increase of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) in their plasma. In other words, gut dysbiosis and metabolic endotoxemia have been linked to metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance (van Olden et al., 2015). The gut microbiota contributes to many processes in the human host’s body, and the host provides a place of residence for the survival of the microorganisms (Leite et al., 2017). This give and take relationship has to be delicately balanced.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eEpigenetic Changes\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBhat et al. (2017) considers dietary metabolites that are derived from the gut microbiotic population as critical modulators of epigenetic changes in both animals and humans.  Nutrients in the gut are produced by microbial metabolisms of fiber, which means that short-chain fatty acids, polyamines, polyphenols, vitamins, and other metabolites, participate in “various epigenomic mechanisms that reprogram the genome by altering the transcriptional machinery of a cell in response to environmental stimuli” (Bhat et al., 2017). In other words, what we eat does modulate our gut which in turn can influence our health through modulations of genes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003ePotent Immune Boosting Nutrients\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAdding the natural supernatant metabolic ‘soup’ of potent nutrients that probiotic organisms create while they grow and multiply is showing great potential for human health. Immunobiotics is a study field that endeavors to understand how microorganisms and their supernatant interact with the immune system to support a healthy functioning body (e.g., Górska et al., 2016). Studies on probiotics and their supernatant metabolites are ongoing and add much to our understanding of Turnbaugh et al. (2012) “supra-organism” description of our bodies as an amazing genome collective of human cells and ‘other’ cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContinue to learn what supernatant and probiotics do by reading articles in the Research tab.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emicroRNA or ORNs (Oligoribonucleotides)\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eHistory\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e Probiotics have had a long history in helping farmed animals combat gut disfunctions caused by overuse of antibiotics to stimulate faster growth. In the 1950s the readily available antibiotics gave rise to the concern that using it as a substance to promote growth was creating resistant populations of bacteria, which means that antibiotics would lose effectiveness against infections from bacteria. Although in 1969 antibiotics were restricted as a growth promotor, the use has not subsided until very recently with the rise of organic and grass-fed animal farms. Fuller (1989) noted that antibiotics have a long-lasting upsetting effect in the gut because of the imbalance caused in the indigenous gut flora. In today’s language, antibiotics disrupt the natural microbiome, causing various diseases (Langdon et al., 2016). Probiotics offer a practical solution as an alternative therapy. For example, they exert antimicrobial properties by inhibiting adhesion of pathogens to the mucosa (Salas-Jara et al., 2016; Chenoll et al., 2011), or produce bacteriocins lethal to the pathogens, as we have seen above in the supernatant section (Reid \u0026amp; Burton, 2002)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroRNA Immune-Modulating\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBacteria release immune-modulating molecules when entering the mouth, such as ribonucleic acid or RNA, as though they are ready to defend themselves. Small pieces of RNA, called MicroRNA (miRNA) or oligoribonucleotides (ORNs), are released by pathogenic bacteria as well as a beneficial bacterium such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eLactobacillus casei\u003c\/i\u003e, which we find in fermented foods like yogurts. Other lactobacillus organism occurs naturally in fruits and vegetables. Marshall (2010) tested\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eL. Casei\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eamong other beneficial probiotics to assess their readiness to fight pathogenic organisms in case of invasion and found that these small pieces of RNA or ORNs control the expression of growth genes in the pathogen’s genomes. The bacteria grow faster after releasing the ORNs, mounting a better defense system to invading bacterial infections (Marshall, 2014).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicroRNA (or ORNs) play important regulatory role in physiological processes in animals (and plants), and is studied for miRNA-based therapeutics (Wahid et al., 2010). miRNA regulate gene expression in all aspects of biology, with certain endogenous miRNAs participating in antiviral defense mechanisms, such as miR-32 with inhibitory effects against the retrovirus type 1 (PFV-1; similar to human immunodeficiency virus such as Epstein-Barr and others) and protects human cells from PFV-1 (Lecellier et al., 2005). Other studies, such as Ma et al. (2011) found another miRNA (miR-29) controlling innate and adaptive immune response to intracellular bacterial infection. With dysbiosis of the gut, inflammation hasten immunological imbalances, influencing the onset of many chronic illnesses, including cancer. The opposite is also a viable solution – maintaining the health of the microbiome (Cianci et al., 2019).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLactobacillus acidophillus\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eBifidobacterium bifidum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eregulate and modulate the GI-tract, increasing production of certain microRNA that improve colon cancer treatment (Heydari et al., 2018). From the GI-tract to the brain, Zhao et al. (2019) have shown that probiotics protect against inflammatory neurodegeneration caused by neurotoxins in the gut, contributing to a healthier brain function. Probiotics with their supernatant and microRNA or ORNs regulate and support a balanced function of the GI-tract. MicroRNA have emerged as major players in the interaction between host (human body) and bacterial pathogens, with an integral part in the host immune response to bacterial infection (Aguilar et al., 2019; Sunkavali et al., 2017).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more on supernatant, chronic illnesses and the science of healthy longevity in our No 7 Systemic Booster: The New Longevity,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/bioimmersion.com\/products\/no-7-systemic-booster\"\u003eHere.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePREBIOTIC \u0026amp; FIBER\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eDefinition\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e  “A prebiotic is a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and\/or activity in the gastrointestinal microbiota that confers benefits upon host well-being and health” (Tufarelli \u0026amp; Laudadio, 2016; Gibson et al., 2017; 2014; Macfarlane et al., 2006). A prebiotic is a fiber that resists digestion in the upper bowel and ferments easily in the colon by probiotic organisms. Prebiotic fibers are imperative for the survival and success of microorganisms, without adequate amounts of prebiotic fiber, probiotic cannot successfully grow and replicate in the gut (Holscher, 2016). To positively modulate the composition and ecosystem of the gut, fiber, both plant fibers and prebiotic fibers that are designated as ‘prebiotic’ are a must have\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003edaily\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003enutritional food (David et al., 2014).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eHistory\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e  In 1995, Gibson \u0026amp; Roberfroid introduced the concept of prebiotic as a useful non-digestible fiber such as oligosaccharides, and in particular, fructo-oligosaccharides. In 2017, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) released a consensus statement on the definition of scope of prebiotics: The realization that prebiotic fibers stimulate probiotic bacteria’s growth and ability to replicate successfully, and in turn, a healthy community of probiotics modulates the colon’s microbiota by positively changing the ecosystem balance in the GI Tract (Gibson et al., 2017).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrebiotic Criteria\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e  Following this consensus, three criteria are required for a prebiotic: 1. That the fiber resists digestion by host (fibers that humans cannot digest in the stomach, such as inulin), 2. that the fiber can be fermented by intestinal microorganisms, and 3. The fibers can stimulate the growth and activity of intestinal bacteria associated with health and well-being (Gibson et al., 2017, p. 492). In other words, adding inulin or other non-digestible fibers to a probiotic formula makes sense. Not only do the fibers help selective organisms grow, a prebiotic also must ‘evoke a net health benefit’ (p. 493). Prebiotics, in fact, activates the bacteria in the gut and improve ‘distant sites’ in the body, such as effecting bone strength, supporting neural and cognitive processes, immune function, skin and more (Collins \u0026amp; Reid, 2016).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eFood for Microbes\u003c\/i\u003e:\u003c\/b\u003e  Human beings cannot digest most complex carbohydrates and plant polysaccharides, but microbes do – they metabolize the polysaccharides into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyrate (Holscher, 2017). Delcour et al. (2016) examine the metabolites (or supernatant) formed by digesting the fiber and concluded that prebiotic increases production of SCFAs is a viable link between prebiotic, probiotics and health benefit. SCFAs are shown in research to regulate glucose metabolism and control body weight (Canfora et al., 2015), produce anti-inflammatory properties to calm inflammatory bowel disease (Tedelind et al., 2007; Vinolo et al., 2011).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies show that when we combine prebiotics with probiotics, many other health benefits follow, such as, prevention of insulin resistance, prevention of obesity, and reduction of FPG (fasting plasma glucose) and plasma insulin (Beserra et al., 2015; Cerdó et al., 2019; Razmpoosh et al, 2019, respectively), all markers for cardiovascular, diabetes, and weight management and control.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther substances that regulate gastrointestinal health are the oligosaccharides in human milk, important in the development of the newborn intestinal microbiota, metabolic, and immunological systems, all important for health later in life. Similar to the oligosaccharides in human milk, short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides have been found to effect early microbiota and increase Bifidobacterium growth, and reduces inflammation in the bowel and skin of babies and the young (Oozeer et al., 2013; Wopereis et al., 2018), reduce weight and inflammatory markers in both young and older individuals (Sahlitin et al., 2019; Fernandes et al., 2017, respectively), and generally contribute to healthy ageing (Tihonen, 2010; Buford, 2017).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot all dietary fibers are characterized as prebiotics, however, they do contribute positive health effects. For example, microbes are unable to ferment cellulose well, but cellulose increases gut transit time. Psyllium is non-fermentable, yet it is shown to improve glycemic control and reduce cholesterol. Fibers, whether prebiotic or not, are healthy for human health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Read more on fiber in the description tab of Be Regular, and see the bibliography in the Research tab.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReferences\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAguilar, C., Mano, M., \u0026amp; Eulalio, A. (2018). MicroRNAs at the Host–Bacteria Interface: Host Defense or Bacterial Offense. \u003ci\u003eTrends in microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0966842X18302348\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAguilar-Toalá, J. E., Garcia-Varela, R., Garcia, H. S., Mata-Haro, V., González-Córdova, A. F., Vallejo-Cordoba, B., \u0026amp; Hernández-Mendoza, A. (2018). Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field. \u003ci\u003eTrends in Food Science \u0026amp; Technology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e75\u003c\/i\u003e, 105-114.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0924224417302765\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlbarracin, L., Kobayashi, H., Iida, H., Sato, N., Nochi, T., Aso, H., ... \u0026amp; Villena, J. (2017). Transcriptomic analysis of the innate antiviral immune response in porcine intestinal epithelial cells: influence of immunobiotic lactobacilli. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e, 57.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00057\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmalaradjou, M.A., \u0026amp; Bhunia, A.K. (2012). Modern approaches in probiotics research to control foodborne pathogens.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdv. Food Nutr. Res\u003c\/i\u003e, 67, 185–239.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-394598-3.00005-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-394598-3.00005-8\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnzaku, A. A., \u0026amp; Pedro, A. (2017). Antimicrobial Effect of Probiotic Lactobacilli on Candida Spp. \u003ci\u003eIsolated from Oral Thrush of AIDS Defining Ill Patients. J Prob Health\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e(171), 2.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Abbas_Abel_Anzaku\/publication\/323880263_Antimicrobial_Effect_of_Probiotic_Lactobacilli_on_Candida_Spp_Isolated_from_Oral_Thrush_of_AIDS_Defining_Ill_Patients\/links\/5ab111a8aca2721710fec43f\/Antimicrobial-Effect-of-Probiotic-Lactobacilli-on-Candida-Spp-Isolated-from-Oral-Thrush-of-AIDS-Defining-Ill-Patients.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArena, M. P., Capozzi, V., Russo, P., Drider, D., Spano, G., \u0026amp; Fiocco, D. (2018). Immunobiosis and probiosis: antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria with a focus on their antiviral and antifungal properties. \u003ci\u003eApplied microbiology and biotechnology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e102\u003c\/i\u003e(23), 9949-9958.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-018-9403-9\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeserra, B. T., Fernandes, R., do Rosario, V. A., Mocellin, M. C., Kuntz, M. G., \u0026amp; Trindade, E. B. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prebiotics and synbiotics effects on glycaemia, insulin concentrations and lipid parameters in adult patients with overweight or obesity. \u003ci\u003eClinical nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e34\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 845-858.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0261561414002568\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBhat, M. I., \u0026amp; Kapila, R. (2017). Dietary metabolites derived from gut microbiota: critical modulators of epigenetic changes in mammals. \u003ci\u003eNutrition reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e75\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 374-389.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nux001\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nux001\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBron, P. A., Kleerebezem, M., Brummer, R. J., Cani, P. D., Mercenier, A., MacDonald, T. T., ... \u0026amp; Wells, J. M. (2017). Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function?. \u003ci\u003eBritish Journal of Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e117\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 93-107.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-journal-of-nutrition\/article\/can-probiotics-modulate-human-disease-by-impacting-intestinal-barrier-function\/DEF63ACAC72D015CADD2E6EB35D4AD59\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBuford, T. W. (2017). (Dis) Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease. \u003ci\u003eMicrobiome\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 80.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0296-0\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0296-0\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCanfora, E. E., Jocken, J. W., \u0026amp; Blaak, E. E. (2015). Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity. \u003ci\u003eNature Reviews Endocrinology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e11\u003c\/i\u003e(10), 577.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrendo.2015.128\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCani PD, Delzenne NM. (2011).The gut microbiome as therapeutic target.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003ePharmacol Ther, 130\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 202-12.DOI:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.01.012\"\u003e10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.01.012\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCani, P.D., Pssemiers, S., Van de Wiele, T., Guiot, Y., Everad, A., Rottier, O…. Delzenne, N.M. (2009). Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2 driven improvement of gut permeability.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eGut\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e58\u003c\/i\u003e(8), 1091-1103. DOI:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2008.165886\"\u003e10.1136\/gut.2008.165886\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaprara, G. (2018). Diet and longevity: The effects of traditional eating habits on human lifespan extension. \u003ci\u003eMediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism\u003c\/i\u003e, (Preprint), 1-34. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/articles\/mediterranean-journal-of-nutrition-and-metabolism\/mnm180225\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCardona, F., Andrés-Lacueva, C., Tulipani, S., Tinahones, F. J., \u0026amp; Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2013). Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health. \u003ci\u003eThe Journal of nutritional biochemistry\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e24\u003c\/i\u003e(8), 1415-1422.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0955286313000946\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCarvalho, R. D., do Carmo, F. L., de Oliveira Junior, A., Langella, P., Chatel, J. M., Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., ... \u0026amp; de Azevedo, M. S. (2017). Use of wild type or recombinant lactic acid bacteria as an alternative treatment for gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases: a focus on inflammatory bowel diseases and mucositis. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e, 800.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00800\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCerdó, T., García-Santos, J. A., G Bermúdez, M., \u0026amp; Campoy, C. (2019). The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. \u003ci\u003eNutrients\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e11\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 635.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/3\/635\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChenoll, E., Casinos, B., Bataller, E., Astals, P., Echevarría, J., Iglesias, J. R., ... \u0026amp; Genovés, S. (2011). Novel probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum CECT 7366 strain active against the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori. \u003ci\u003eApplied and environmental microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e77\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 1335-1343. DOI:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/aem.asm.org\/content\/77\/4\/1335.short\"\u003e10.1128\/AEM.0182-10\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChoudhury, T. G., \u0026amp; Kamilya, D. (2018). Paraprobiotics: an aquaculture perspective. \u003ci\u003eReviews in Aquaculture\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/raq.12290\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCianci, R., Franza, L., Schinzari, G., Rossi, E., Ianiro, G., Tortora, G., ... \u0026amp; Cammarota, G. (2019). The Interplay between Immunity and Microbiota at Intestinal Immunological Niche: The Case of Cancer. \u003ci\u003eInternational journal of molecular sciences\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e20\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 501.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/3\/501\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollins, S., \u0026amp; Reid, G. (2016). Distant site effects of ingested prebiotics. \u003ci\u003eNutrients\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(9), 523.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/8\/9\/523\/htm\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCostello, E. K., Stagaman, K., Dethlefsen, L., Bohannan, B. J., \u0026amp; Relman, D. A. (2012). The application of ecological theory toward an understanding of the human microbiome. \u003ci\u003eScience\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e336\u003c\/i\u003e(6086), 1255-1262.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/336\/6086\/1255\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCotter, P. D., Ross, R. P., \u0026amp; Hill, C. (2013). Bacteriocins—a viable alternative to antibiotics? \u003ci\u003eNature Reviews Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e11\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 95.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro2937\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCotter, P. D., Hill, C., \u0026amp; Ross, R. P. (2005). Food microbiology: bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. \u003ci\u003eNature Reviews Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e3\u003c\/i\u003e(10), 777.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro1273\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDahiya, D. K., Puniya, M., Shandilya, U. K., Dhewa, T., Kumar, N., Kumar, S., ... \u0026amp; Shukla, P. (2017). Gut microbiota modulation and its relationship with obesity using prebiotic fibers and probiotics: a review. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e, 563.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00563\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDavid, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., ... \u0026amp; Biddinger, S. B. (2014). Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. \u003ci\u003eNature\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e505\u003c\/i\u003e(7484), 559.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12820\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesmond, M. A., Sobiecki, J., Fewtrell, M., \u0026amp; Wells, J. C. (2018). Plant-based diets for children as a means of improving adult cardiometabolic health. \u003ci\u003eNutrition reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e76\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 260-273. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nux079\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nux079\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDimidi, E., Christodoulides, S., Fragkos, K. C., Scott, S. M., \u0026amp; Whelan, K. (2014). The effect of probiotics on functional constipation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials–. \u003ci\u003eThe American journal of clinical nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e100\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 1075-1084.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.114.089151\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.114.089151\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDitu, L.M., Chifiriuc, M.C., Bezirtzoglou, E., Marutescu, L., Bleotu, C., Pelinescu, D., Mihaescu, G., Lazar, V. (2014). Immunomodulatory effect of non-viable components of probiotic culture stimulated with heat-inactivated Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus on holoxenic mice. Microb Ecol Health Dis, 25.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.3402\/mehd.v25.23239\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eErridge, C., Attina, T., Spickett, C. M., \u0026amp; Webb, D. J. (2007). A high-fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia: evidence of a novel mechanism of postprandial inflammation. \u003ci\u003eThe American journal of clinical nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e86\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 1286-1292.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article\/86\/5\/1286\/4651083\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"source\"\u003eEskesen, D., Jespersen, L., Michelsen, B., Whorwell, P. J., Müller-Lissner, S., \u0026amp; Morberg, C. M. (2015). Effect of the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12®, on defecation frequency in healthy subjects with low defecation frequency and abdominal discomfort: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. \u003ci\u003eBritish Journal of Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e114\u003c\/i\u003e(10), 1638-1646.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114515003347\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114515003347\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEtxeberria, U., Fernández-Quintela, A., Milagro, F. I., Aguirre, L., Martínez, J. A., \u0026amp; Portillo, M. P. (2013). Impact of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich dietary sources on gut microbiota composition. \u003ci\u003eJournal of agricultural and food chemistry\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e61\u003c\/i\u003e(40), 9517-9533.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.656.6744\u0026amp;rep=rep1\u0026amp;type=pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEverard, A., \u0026amp; Cani, P. (2013). Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eBest Pract.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eRes. Clin. Gastroenterol\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e27\u003c\/i\u003e, 73–83. doi: 10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.03.007.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrancavilla, R., De Angelis, M., Rizzello, C. G., Cavallo, N., Dal Bello, F., \u0026amp; Gobbetti, M. (2017). Selected Probiotic Lactobacilli Have the Capacity to Hydrolyze Gluten Peptides During Simulated Gastro-Intestinal Digestion. \u003ci\u003eApplied and environmental microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, AEM-00376.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/aem.asm.org\/content\/early\/2017\/05\/03\/AEM.00376-17\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuller, R. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. \u003ci\u003eJournal of applied bacteriology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e66\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 365-378.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuller, R. (1992). The effect of probiotics on the gut micro-ecology of farm animals.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe lactic acid bacteria in health and disease, Volume 1\u003c\/i\u003e, pp. 171-192. Springer Book: Boston, MA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGibson, G. R., Scott, K. P., Rastall, R. A., Tuohy, K. M., Hotchkiss, A., Dubert-Ferrandon, A., ... \u0026amp; Macfarlane, S. (2010). Dietary prebiotics: current status and new definition. \u003ci\u003eFood Sci Technol Bull Funct Foods\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 1-19.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/isappscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/gibson-prebiotic-definition-10.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGibson, G. R., Probert, H. M., Van Loo, J., Rastall, R. A., \u0026amp; Roberfroid, M. B. (2004). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. \u003ci\u003eNutrition research reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e17\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 259-275.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/NRR200479\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/NRR200479\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGibson, G. R., \u0026amp; Roberfroid, M. B. (1995). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. \u003ci\u003eThe Journal of nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e125\u003c\/i\u003e(6), 1401-1412.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGibson, G., Willis, C. L., \u0026amp; Van Loo, J. (1994). Non digestible oligosaccharides and bifidobacteria: Implications for health. \u003ci\u003eInternational Sugar Journal\u003c\/i\u003e, (96), 381-387.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M. E., Prescott, S. L., Reimer, R. A., Salminen, S. J., ... \u0026amp; Verbeke, K. (2017). The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. \u003ci\u003eNat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e14\u003c\/i\u003e(8), 491-502.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2017.75.pdf?origin=ppub\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGilbert, J. A., Blaser, M. J., Caporaso, J. G., Jansson, J. K., Lynch, S. V., \u0026amp; Knight, R. (2018). Current understanding of the human microbiome. \u003ci\u003eNature medicine\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e24\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 392.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org\/bitstream\/handle\/1912\/10315\/Gilbert_finalFeb5.pdf?sequence=1\u0026amp;isAllowed=y\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGoldenberg, J. Z., Ma, S. S., Saxton, J. D., Martzen, M. R., Vandvik, P. O., Thorlund, K., ... \u0026amp; Johnston, B. C. (2013). Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea in adults and children. \u003ci\u003eCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, (5).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006095.pub3\/abstract\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGomez, A., Petrzelkova, K. J., Burns, M. B., Yeoman, C. J., Amato, K. R., Vlckova, K., ... \u0026amp; Torralba, M. G. (2016). Gut microbiome of coexisting BaAka Pygmies and Bantu reflects gradients of traditional subsistence patterns. \u003ci\u003eCell reports\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e14\u003c\/i\u003e(9), 2142-2153.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2211124716300997\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGórska, S., Dylus, E., Rudawska, A., Brzozowska, E., Srutkova, D., Schwarzer, M., ... \u0026amp; Gamian, A. (2016). Immunoreactive proteins of Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum CCM 7952 and Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum CCDM 372 Identified by gnotobiotic mono-colonized mice sera, immune rabbit sera and non-immune human sera. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e, 1537.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01537\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe, X., Zeng, Q., Puthiyakunnon, S., Zeng, Z., Yang, W., Qiu, J… Cao H...(2017). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [ATCC 53103] supernatant enhance neonatal resistance to systemic Escherichia coli K1 infection by accelerating development of intestinal defense.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eSci Rep, 7\u003c\/i\u003e, 43305.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep43305\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeydari, Z., Rahaie, M., Alizadeh, A. M., Agah, S., Khalighfard, S., \u0026amp; Bahmani, S. (2018). Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum Probiotics on the Expression of MicroRNAs 135b, 26b, 18a and 155, and Their Involving Genes in Mice Colon Cancer. \u003ci\u003eProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins\u003c\/i\u003e, 1-8.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12602-018-9478-8\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., ... \u0026amp; Calder, P. C. (2014). The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. \u003ci\u003eNat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e11\u003c\/i\u003e(8), 506-514.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2014.66\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHolscher, H. D. (2017). Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. \u003ci\u003eGut Microbes\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 172-184.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19490976.2017.1290756\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHolscher, H. D., Caporaso, J. G., Hooda, S., Brulc, J. M., Fahey Jr, G. C., \u0026amp; Swanson, K. S. (2014). Fiber supplementation influences phylogenetic structure and functional capacity of the human intestinal microbiome: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial–. \u003ci\u003eThe American journal of clinical nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e101\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 55-64.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article\/101\/1\/55\/4564325\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowarth, G., \u0026amp; Wang, H. (2013). Role of endogenous microbiota, probiotics and their biological products in human health. \u003ci\u003eNutrients\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 58-81. DOI:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu5010058\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e10.3390\/nu5010058\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohnston, B. C., Ma, S. S., Goldenberg, J. Z., Thorlund, K., Vandvik, P. O., Loeb, M., \u0026amp; Guyatt, G. H. (2012). Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, 157(12), 878-888. \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Bradley_Johnston\/publication\/235383789_Probiotics_for_the_prevention_of_Clostridium_difficile-associated_diarrhea_A_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis\/links\/0046351857ba2e7e9e000000.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKawahara, T., Takahashi, T., Oishi, K., Tanaka, H., Masuda, M., Takahashi, S., ... \u0026amp; Suzuki, T. (2015). Consecutive oral administration of Bifidobacterium longum MM‐2 improves the defense system against influenza virus infection by enhancing natural killer cell activity in a murine model. \u003ci\u003eMicrobiology and immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e59\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 1-12.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/1348-0421.12210\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKechagia, M., Basoulis, D., Konstantopoulou, S., Dimitriadi, D., Gyftopoulou, K., Skarmoutsou, N., \u0026amp; Fakiri, E. M. (2013). Health benefits of probiotics: a review. \u003ci\u003eISRN nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e2013\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/isrn.nutrition\/2013\/481651.pdf\"\u003eArticl\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKikuchi, Y., Kunitoh-Asari, A., Hayakawa, K., Imai, S., Kasuya, K., Abe, K., ... \u0026amp; Hachimura, S. (2014). Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum strain AYA enhances IgA secretion and provides survival protection against influenza virus infection in mice. \u003ci\u003ePloS one\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e9\u003c\/i\u003e(1), e86416.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0086416\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKristensen, N. B., Syrup, T., Allin, K. H., Nielsen, T., Hansen, T. H., \u0026amp; Pedersen, O. (2016). Alterations in fecal microbiota composition by probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. \u003ci\u003eGenome medicine\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 52.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13073-016-0300-5\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13073-016-0300-5\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKobyliak, N., Conte, C., Cammarota, G., Haley, A. P., Styriak, I., Gaspar, L., ... \u0026amp; Kruzliak, P. (2016). Probiotics in prevention and treatment of obesity: a critical view. \u003ci\u003eNutrition \u0026amp; metabolism\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e13\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 14.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12986-016-0067-0\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLangdon, A., Crook, N., \u0026amp; Dantas, G. (2016). The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome throughout development and alternative approaches for therapeutic modulation. \u003ci\u003eGenome medicine\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 39.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13073-016-0294-z\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLazar, V., Miyazaki, Y., Hanawa, T., Chifiriuc, M. C., Ditu, L. M., Marutescu, L., ... \u0026amp; Kamiya, S. (2009). The influence of some probiotic supernatants on the growth and virulence features expression of several selected enteroaggregative E. coli clinical strains. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol, 68(4), 207-214.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Crina_Saviuc\/publication\/44805183_In_vitro_susceptibility_of_Erwinia_amylovora_Burrill_Winslow_et_al_to_Citrus_maxima_essential_oil\/links\/0046351b5b9df42919000000.pdf#page=17\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLederberg, J., \u0026amp; McCray, A. T. (2001). Ome SweetOmics--A Genealogical Treasury of Words. \u003ci\u003eThe Scientist\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e15\u003c\/i\u003e(7), 8-8.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/commentary\/ome-sweet-omics---a-genealogical-treasury-of-words-54889\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeite, A. Z., Rodrigues, N. D. C., Gonzaga, M. I., Paiolo, J. C. C., de Souza, C. A., Stefanutto, N. A. V., ... \u0026amp; Mariano, V. S. (2017). Detection of increased plasma interleukin-6 levels and prevalence of Prevotella copri and Bacteroides vulgatus in the feces of type 2 diabetes patients. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e, 1107.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01107\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLecellier, C. H., Dunoyer, P., Arar, K., Lehmann-Che, J., Eyquem, S., Himber, C., ... \u0026amp; Voinnet, O. (2005). A cellular microRNA mediates antiviral defense in human cells. \u003ci\u003eScience\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e308\u003c\/i\u003e(5721), 557-560.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/308\/5721\/557\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLey, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., \u0026amp; Gordon, J. I. (2006). Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. \u003ci\u003enature\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e444\u003c\/i\u003e(7122), 1022.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/users.unimi.it\/biofilms\/appl%20biotec%20amb_LM\/human%20microbiota\/ley_2006_microbes_obesity.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLilly, D. M., \u0026amp; Stillwell, R. H. (1965). Probiotics: growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. \u003ci\u003eScience\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e147\u003c\/i\u003e(3659), 747-748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.147.3659.747\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMacfarlane, S. M. G. T., Macfarlane, G. T., \u0026amp; Cummings, J. T. (2006). Prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. \u003ci\u003eAlimentary pharmacology \u0026amp; therapeutics\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e24\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 701-714.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03042.x\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03042.x\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManichanh, C., Borruel, N., Casellas, F., \u0026amp; Guarner, F. (2012). The gut microbiota in IBD. \u003ci\u003eNature reviews Gastroenterology \u0026amp; hepatology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e9\u003c\/i\u003e(10), 599.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrgastro.2012.152\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarkowiak, P., \u0026amp; Śliżewska, K. (2017). Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. \u003ci\u003eNutrients\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e9\u003c\/i\u003e(9), 1021.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/9\/1021\/htm\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarshall, W. E. (2010). Oligoribonucleotides alert the immune system of animals to the imminence of microbial infection. \u003ci\u003eU.S. Patent No. 7,678,557\u003c\/i\u003e. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US7189834B2\/en\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMatthews, C., Crispie, F., Lewis, E., Reid, M., O’Toole, P. W., \u0026amp; Cotter, P. D. (2018). The rumen microbiome: a crucial consideration when optimising milk and meat production and nitrogen utilisation efficiency. \u003ci\u003eGut microbes\u003c\/i\u003e, 1-18.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-90545-7_6\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNagpal, R., Mainali, R., Ahmadi, S., Wang, S., Singh, R., Kavanagh, K., ... \u0026amp; Yadav, H. (2018). Gut microbiome and aging: Physiological and mechanistic insights. \u003ci\u003eNutrition and healthy aging\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 267-285.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6004897\/#ref034\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNishiyama, K., Sugiyama, M., \u0026amp; Mukai, T. (2016). Adhesion properties of lactic acid bacteria on intestinal mucin. \u003ci\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 34.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/4\/3\/34\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO’Connor, P. M., O’Shea, E. F., Cotter, P. D., Hill, C., \u0026amp; Ross, R. P. (2018). The potency of the broad spectrum bacteriocin, bactofencin A, against staphylococci is highly dependent on primary structure, N-terminal charge and disulphide formation. \u003ci\u003eScientific reports\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 11833.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-30271-6\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObregon-Tito, A. J., Tito, R. Y., Metcalf, J., Sankaranarayanan, K., Clemente, J. C., Ursell, L. K., ... \u0026amp; Spicer, P. (2015). Subsistence strategies in traditional societies distinguish gut microbiomes. Nature communications, 6, 6505.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7505\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParker, R. B. (1974). Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. \u003ci\u003eAnim Nutr Health\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e29\u003c\/i\u003e, 4-8.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOozeer, R., van Limpt, K., Ludwig, T., Ben Amor, K., Martin, R., Wind, R. D., ... \u0026amp; Knol, J. (2013). Intestinal microbiology in early life: specific prebiotics can have similar functionalities as human-milk oligosaccharides. \u003ci\u003eThe American journal of clinical nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e98\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 561S-571S.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article\/98\/2\/561S\/4577351\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePathak, S., Kesavan, P., Banerjee, A., Banerjee, A., Celep, G. S., Bissi, L., \u0026amp; Marotta, F. (2018). Metabolism of Dietary Polyphenols by Human Gut Microbiota and Their Health Benefits. In \u003ci\u003ePolyphenols: Mechanisms of Action in Human Health and Disease\u003c\/i\u003e (pp. 347-359). Academic Press.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128130063000258\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParker, R. B. (1974). Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. \u003ci\u003eAnim Nutr Health\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e29\u003c\/i\u003e, 4-8.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePärtty, A., Kalliomäki, M., Endo, A., Salminen, S., \u0026amp; Isolauri, E. (2012). Compositional development of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus microbiota is linked with crying and fussing in early infancy. \u003ci\u003ePloS one\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e(3), e32495.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0032495\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0032495\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatil, D. P., Dhotre, D. P., Chavan, S. G., Sultan, A., Jain, D. S., Lanjekar, V. B., ... \u0026amp; RanadeD. R. (2012). Molecular analysis of gut microbiota in obesity among Indian individuals. \u003ci\u003eJournal of biosciences\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e37\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 647-657.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12038-012-9244-0\"\u003eAbstrac\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePérez-Jaramillo, J. E., Mendes, R., \u0026amp; Raaijmakers, J. M. (2016). Impact of plant domestication on rhizosphere microbiome assembly and functions. \u003ci\u003ePlant molecular biology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e90\u003c\/i\u003e(6), 635-644.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40168-018-0519-z\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReid, G., \u0026amp; Burton, J. (2002). Use of Lactobacillus to prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria. \u003ci\u003eMicrobes and infection\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 319-324.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01544-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01544-7\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRhoads, J. M., Collins, J., Fatheree, N. Y., Hashmi, S. S., Taylor, C. M., Luo, M., ... \u0026amp; Liu, Y. (2018). Infant Colic Represents Gut Inflammation and Dysbiosis. \u003ci\u003eThe Journal of pediatrics\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.042\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoberfroid, M. B. (2002). Functional foods: concepts and application to inulin and oligofructose. \u003ci\u003eBritish Journal of Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e87\u003c\/i\u003e(S2), S139-S143.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/BJN\/2002529\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/BJN\/2002529\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRosenfeld, Y., \u0026amp; Shai, Y. (2006). Lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin)-host defense antibacterial peptides interactions: role in bacterial resistance and prevention of sepsis. \u003ci\u003eBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e1758\u003c\/i\u003e(9), 1513-1522.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0005273606001970\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalas-Jara, M. J., Ilabaca, A., Vega, M., \u0026amp; García, A. (2016). Biofilm forming Lactobacillus: new challenges for the development of probiotics. \u003ci\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 35. doi:\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms4030035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e10.3390\/microorganisms4030035\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSanders, M. E., Merenstein, D., Merrifield, C. A., \u0026amp; Hutkins, R. (2018). Probiotics for human use. \u003ci\u003eNutrition Bulletin\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e43\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 212-225.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nbu.12334\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nbu.12334\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSanders, M. E. (2016). Probiotics and microbiota composition. \u003ci\u003eBMC medicine\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e14\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 82.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-016-0629-z\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSanders, M. E. (2011). Impact of probiotics on colonizing microbiota of the gut. \u003ci\u003eJournal of clinical gastroenterology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e45\u003c\/i\u003e, S115-S119.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/jcge\/Abstract\/2011\/11001\/Impact_of_Probiotics_on_Colonizing_Microbiota_of.6.aspx\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"dx-doi\"\u003eSanders, M. E., Heimbach, J. T., Pot, B., Tancredi, D. J., Lenoir-Wijnkoop, I., Lähteenmäki-Uutela, A., ... \u0026amp; Bañares, S. (2011). Health claims substantiation for probiotic and prebiotic products.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/gmic.2.3.16174\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/gmic.2.3.16174\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSanz, Y., Nadal, I., \u0026amp; Sánchez, E. (2007). Probiotics as drugs against human gastrointestinal infections. \u003ci\u003eRecent patents on anti-infective drug discovery\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e2\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 148-156.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSanzik, Y., Nadal, I., \u0026amp; Sanchez, E. (2011). Probiotics as drugs against human gastrointestinal Pathogens. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e1\u003c\/i\u003e, 107.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSavage, D. C. (1977). Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. \u003ci\u003eAnnual Reviews in Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e31\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 107-133.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543?journalCode=micro\"\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSavilahti, E. (2011). Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of allergies in children. \u003ci\u003eBioscience and microflora\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e30\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 119-128.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSchnorr, S. L., Sankaranarayanan, K., Lewis Jr, C. M., \u0026amp; Warinner, C. (2016). Insights into human evolution from ancient and contemporary microbiome studies. Current opinion in genetics \u0026amp; development, 41, 14-26.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959437X1630096X\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSchnorr, S. L., Candela, M., Rampelli, S., Centanni, M., Consolandi, C., Basaglia, G., ... \u0026amp; Fiori, J. (2014). Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers. \u003ci\u003eNature communications\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e, 3654.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms4654\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSingh, R. K., Chang, H. W., Yan, D., Lee, K. M., Ucmak, D., Wong, K., ... \u0026amp; Bhutani, T. (2017). Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. \u003ci\u003eJournal of translational medicine\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e15\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 73.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStanaway, I. B., Wallace, J. C.,hojaie, A., Griffith, W. C., Hong, S., Wilder, C. S., ... \u0026amp; Vigoren, E. M. (2017). Human oral buccal microbiomes are associated with farmworker status and azinphos-methyl agricultural pesticide exposure. \u003ci\u003eApplied and environmental microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e83\u003c\/i\u003e(2), e02149-16.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/aem.asm.org\/content\/83\/2\/e02149-16.short\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSunkavalli, U., Aguilar, C., Silva, R. J., Sharan, M., Cruz, A. R., Tawk, C., ... \u0026amp; Eulalio, A. (2017). Analysis of host microRNA function uncovers a role for miR-29b-2-5p in Shigella capture by filopodia. \u003ci\u003ePLoS pathogens\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e13\u003c\/i\u003e(4), e1006327.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plospathogens\/article?rev=2\u0026amp;id=10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006327\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRaetz, C. R., \u0026amp; Whitfield, C. (2002). Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. \u003ci\u003eAnnual review of biochemistry\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e71\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 635-700.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/full\/10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRajashekharan, S., Krishnaswamy, B., \u0026amp; Kammara, R. (2017). Bifid shape is intrinsic to Bifidobacterium adolescentis. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e, 478.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5359755\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRazmpoosh, E., Javadi, A., Ejtahed, H. S., Mirmiran, P., Javadi, M., \u0026amp; Yousefinejad, A. (2019). The effect of probiotic supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized placebo controlled trial. \u003ci\u003eDiabetes \u0026amp; Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research \u0026amp; Reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e13\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 175-182. \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S187140211830314X\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoca-Saavedra, P., Mendez-Vilabrille, V., Miranda, J. M., Nebot, C., Cardelle-Cobas, A., Franco, C. M., \u0026amp; Cepeda, A. (2017). Food additives, contaminants and other minor components: effects on human gut microbiota—a review. \u003ci\u003eJournal of physiology and biochemistry\u003c\/i\u003e, 1-15.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13105-017-0564-2\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTedelind, S., Westberg, F., Kjerrulf, M., \u0026amp; Vidal, A. (2007). Anti-inflammatory properties of the short-chain fatty acids acetate and propionate: a study with relevance to inflammatory bowel disease. \u003ci\u003eWorld journal of gastroenterology: WJG\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e13\u003c\/i\u003e(20), 2826.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4395634\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTufarelli, V., \u0026amp; Laudadio, V. (2016).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003eResearch\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eFOOD SCIENCE: THE APPLICATION AND USE OF PROBIOTICS WITH THEIR SUPERNATANT AND ORNS:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eL. ACIDOPHILUS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eB. LONGUM\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e, L. CASEI, L. BULGARICUS, STEP\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS, WITH INULIN PREBIOTIC FIBER.\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eAntimicrobial Properties\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlbarracin, L., Kobayashi, H., Iida, H., Sato, N., Nochi, T., Aso, H., ... \u0026amp; Villena, J. (2017). Transcriptomic analysis of the innate antiviral immune response in porcine intestinal epithelial cells: influence of immunobiotic lactobacilli. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e, 57.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00057\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmalaradjou, M. A. R., \u0026amp; Bhunia, A. K. (2012). Modern approaches in probiotics research to control foodborne pathogens. In \u003ci\u003eAdvances in food and nutrition research\u003c\/i\u003e (Vol. 67, pp. 185-239). Academic Press.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780123945983000058\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArena, M. P., Capozzi, V., Russo, P., Drider, D., Spano, G., \u0026amp; Fiocco, D. (2018). Immunobiosis and probiosis: antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria with a focus on their antiviral and antifungal properties. \u003ci\u003eApplied microbiology and biotechnology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e102\u003c\/i\u003e(23), 9949-9958.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-018-9403-9\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBailey, J. R., Vince, V., Williams, N. A., \u0026amp; Cogan, T. A. (2017). Streptococcus thermophilus NCIMB 41856 ameliorates signs of colitis in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. \u003ci\u003eBeneficial microbes\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 605-614.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3920\/BM2016.0110\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3920\/BM2016.0110\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBhat, M. I., Kumari, A., Kapila, S., \u0026amp; Kapila, R. (2019). Probiotic lactobacilli mediated changes in global epigenetic signatures of human intestinal epithelial cells during Escherichia coli challenge. \u003ci\u003eAnnals of Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, 1-10.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13213-019-01451-0\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBhat, M. I., \u0026amp; Kapila, R. (2017). Dietary metabolites derived from gut microbiota: critical modulators of epigenetic changes in mammals. \u003ci\u003eNutrition reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e75\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 374-389.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nux001\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nux001\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBurton, J. P., Chanyi, R. M., \u0026amp; Schultz, M. (2017). Common Organisms and Probiotics: Streptococcus thermophilus (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus). In \u003ci\u003eThe Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology\u003c\/i\u003e (pp. 165-169).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-804024-9.00019-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-804024-9.00019-7\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCotter, P. D., Ross, R. P., \u0026amp; Hill, C. (2013). Bacteriocins—a viable alternative to antibiotics?. \u003ci\u003eNature Reviews Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e11\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 95.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro2937\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCotter, P. D., Hill, C., \u0026amp; Ross, R. P. (2005). Food microbiology: bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. \u003ci\u003eNature Reviews Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e3\u003c\/i\u003e(10), 777.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro1273\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDitu, L.M., Chifiriuc, M.C., Bezirtzoglou, E., Marutescu, L., Bleotu, C., Pelinescu, D., Mihaescu, G., Lazar, V. (2014). Immunomodulatory effect of non-viable components of probiotic culture stimulated with heat-inactivated Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus on holoxenic mice.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicrob Ecol Health Dis, 25\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.3402\/mehd.v25.23239\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGong, J., Bai, T., Zhang, L., Qian, W., Song, J., \u0026amp; Hou, X. (2017). Inhibition effect of Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Enterococcus faecalis and their related products on human colonic smooth muscle in vitro. \u003ci\u003ePloS one\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e12\u003c\/i\u003e(12), e0189257.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0189257\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0189257\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe, X., Zeng, Q., Puthiyakunnon, S., Zeng, Z., Yang, W., Qiu, J… Cao H...(2017). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [ATCC 53103] supernatant enhance neonatal resistance to systemic Escherichia coli K1 infection by accelerating development of intestinal defense.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eSci Rep, 7\u003c\/i\u003e, 43305.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep43305\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowarth, G., \u0026amp; Wang, H. (2013). Role of endogenous microbiota, probiotics and their biological products in human health. \u003ci\u003eNutrients\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 58-81.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/5\/1\/58\/htm\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohnston, B. C., Ma, S. S., Goldenberg, J. Z., Thorlund, K., Vandvik, P. O., Loeb, M., \u0026amp; Guyatt, G. H. (2012). Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. \u003ci\u003eAnnals of internal medicine, 157\u003c\/i\u003e(12), 878-888. \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Bradley_Johnston\/publication\/235383789_Probiotics_for_the_prevention_of_Clostridium_difficile-associated_diarrhea_A_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis\/links\/0046351857ba2e7e9e000000.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKasubuchi, M., Hasegawa, S., Hiramatsu, T., Ichimura, A., \u0026amp; Kimura, I. (2015). Dietary gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and host metabolic regulation. \u003ci\u003eNutrients\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 2839-2849.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/4\/2839\/html\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKikuchi, Y., Kunitoh-Asari, A., Hayakawa, K., Imai, S., Kasuya, K., Abe, K., ... \u0026amp; Hachimura, S. (2014). Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum strain AYA enhances IgA secretion and provides survival protection against influenza virus infection in mice. \u003ci\u003ePloS one\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e9\u003c\/i\u003e(1), e86416.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0086416\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKoh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., \u0026amp; Bäckhed, F. (2016). From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. \u003ci\u003eCell\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e165\u003c\/i\u003e(6), 1332-1345.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S009286741630592X\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKolling, G. L., Wu, M., Warren, C. A., Durmaz, E., Klaenhammer, T. R., \u0026amp; Guerrant, R. L. (2012). Lactic acid production by Streptococcus thermophilus alters Clostridium difficile infection and in vitro Toxin A production. \u003ci\u003eGut Microbes\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e3\u003c\/i\u003e(6), 523-529.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/gmic.21757\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/gmic.21757\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKrautkramer KA, Rey FE, Denu JM. (2017). Chemical signaling between gut microbiota and host chromatin: What is your gut really saying?\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eJ Biol Chem, 292\u003c\/i\u003e(21):8582-8593\u003ci\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eDOI:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.R116.761577\"\u003e10.1074\/jbc.R116.761577\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKrautkramer, K. A., Kreznar, J. H., Romano, K. A., Vivas, E. I., Barrett-Wilt, G. A., Rabaglia, M. E., ... \u0026amp; Denu, J. M. (2016). Diet-microbiota interactions mediate global epigenetic programming in multiple host tissues. \u003ci\u003eMolecular cell\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e64\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 982-992.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1097276516306700\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLazar, V., Miyazaki, Y., Hanawa, T., Chifiriuc, M. C., Ditu, L. M., Marutescu, L., ... \u0026amp; Kamiya, S. (2009). The influence of some probiotic supernatants on the growth and virulence features expression of several selected enteroaggregative E. coli clinical strains. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol, 68(4), 207-214.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Crina_Saviuc\/publication\/44805183_In_vitro_susceptibility_of_Erwinia_amylovora_Burrill_Winslow_et_al_to_Citrus_maxima_essential_oil\/links\/0046351b5b9df42919000000.pdf#page=17\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeite, A. Z., Rodrigues, N. D. C., Gonzaga, M. I., Paiolo, J. C. C., de Souza, C. A., Stefanutto, N. A. V., ... \u0026amp; Mariano, V. S. (2017). Detection of increased plasma interleukin-6 levels and prevalence of Prevotella copri and Bacteroides vulgatus in the feces of type 2 diabetes patients. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e, 1107.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01107\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLouis, P., Hold, G. L., \u0026amp; Flint, H. J. (2014). The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer. \u003ci\u003eNature Reviews Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e12\u003c\/i\u003e(10), 661.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro3344\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMischke, M., \u0026amp; Plösch, T. (2016). The gut microbiota and their metabolites: potential implications for the host epigenome. In \u003ci\u003eMicrobiota of the Human Body\u003c\/i\u003e (pp. 33-44). Springer, Cham.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-31248-4_3\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNicholson, J. K., Holmes, E., Kinross, J., Burcelin, R., Gibson, G., Jia, W., \u0026amp; Pettersson, S. (2012). Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. \u003ci\u003eScience\u003c\/i\u003e, 1223813.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/early\/2012\/06\/05\/science.1223813\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO’Connor, P. M., O’Shea, E. F., Cotter, P. D., Hill, C., \u0026amp; Ross, R. P. (2018). The potency of the broad spectrum bacteriocin, bactofencin A, against staphylococci is highly dependent on primary structure, N-terminal charge and disulphide formation. \u003ci\u003eScientific reports\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 11833.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-30271-6\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSánchez, B., Delgado, S., Blanco‐Míguez, A., Lourenço, A., Gueimonde, M., \u0026amp; Margolles, A. (2017). Probiotics, gut microbiota, and their influence on host health and disease. \u003ci\u003eMolecular nutrition \u0026amp; food research\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e61\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 1600240.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/mnfr.201600240\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStecher, B. (2015). The roles of inflammation, nutrient availability and the commensal microbiota in enteric pathogen infection. In \u003ci\u003eMetabolism and Bacterial Pathogenesis\u003c\/i\u003e (pp. 297-320). American Society of Microbiology.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.asmscience.org\/content\/book\/10.1128\/9781555818883.chap14\"\u003eChapter14\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSun, L., Ma, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, F., Zhao, C., \u0026amp; Nie, Y. (2018). Insights into the role of gut microbiota in obesity: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and therapeutic perspectives. \u003ci\u003eProtein \u0026amp; cell\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e9\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 397-403.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs13238-018-0546-3\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVillena, J., \u0026amp; Kitazawa, H. (2017). immunobiotics—interactions of Beneficial Microbes with the immune System. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e, 1580.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5715392\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVillena, J., Vizoso-Pinto, M. G., \u0026amp; Kitazawa, H. (2016). Intestinal innate antiviral immunity and immunobiotics: beneficial effects against rotavirus infection. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e, 563.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00563\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWoo, V., \u0026amp; Alenghat, T. (2017). Host–microbiota interactions: epigenomic regulation. \u003ci\u003eCurrent opinion in immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e44\u003c\/i\u003e, 52-60.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0952791516301558\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYang, C. M., Cao, G. T., Ferket, P. R., Liu, T. T., Zhou, L., Zhang, L., ... \u0026amp; Chen, A. G. (2012). Effects of probiotic, Clostridium butyricum, on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens. \u003ci\u003ePoultry Science\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e91\u003c\/i\u003e(9), 2121-2129.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ps\/article\/91\/9\/2121\/1583555\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYang, S. C., Lin, C. H., Sung, C. T., \u0026amp; Fang, J. Y. (2014). Antibacterial activities of bacteriocins: application in foods and pharmaceuticals. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e, 241.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4033612\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003ePost Antibiotic Care: Antimicrobial \u0026amp; Calming Properties \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlvarez-Sieiro, P., Montalbán-López, M., Mu, D., \u0026amp; Kuipers, O. P. (2016). Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria: extending the family. \u003ci\u003eApplied microbiology and biotechnology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e100\u003c\/i\u003e(7), 2939-2951.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-016-7343-9\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmalaradjou, M.A., \u0026amp; Bhunia, A.K. (2012). Modern approaches in probiotics research to control foodborne pathogens.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdv. Food Nutr. Res\u003c\/i\u003e, 67, 185–239.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-394598-3.00005-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-394598-3.00005-8\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnzaku, A. A., \u0026amp; Pedro, A. (2017). Antimicrobial Effect of Probiotic Lactobacilli on Candida Spp. \u003ci\u003eIsolated from Oral Thrush of AIDS Defining Ill Patients. J Prob Health\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e(171), 2.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Abbas_Abel_Anzaku\/publication\/323880263_Antimicrobial_Effect_of_Probiotic_Lactobacilli_on_Candida_Spp_Isolated_from_Oral_Thrush_of_AIDS_Defining_Ill_Patients\/links\/5ab111a8aca2721710fec43f\/Antimicrobial-Effect-of-Probiotic-Lactobacilli-on-Candida-Spp-Isolated-from-Oral-Thrush-of-AIDS-Defining-Ill-Patients.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArena, M. P., Capozzi, V., Russo, P., Drider, D., Spano, G., \u0026amp; Fiocco, D. (2018). Immunobiosis and probiosis: antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria with a focus on their antiviral and antifungal properties. \u003ci\u003eApplied microbiology and biotechnology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e102\u003c\/i\u003e(23), 9949-9958.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-018-9403-9\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAyala, G., Escobedo-Hinojosa, W. I., de la Cruz-Herrera, C. F., \u0026amp; Romero, I. (2014). Exploring alternative treatments for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eHelicobacter pylori\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003einfection. \u003ci\u003eWorld journal of gastroenterology: WJG\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e20\u003c\/i\u003e(6), 1450.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3925854\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBermudez-Brito, M., Plaza-Díaz, J., Muñoz-Quezada, S., Gómez-Llorente, C., \u0026amp; Gil, A. (2012). Probiotic mechanisms of action. \u003ci\u003eAnnals of Nutrition and Metabolism\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e61\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 160-174.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/FullText\/342079\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlaabjerg, S., Artzi, D. M., \u0026amp; Aabenhus, R. (2017). Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Outpatients—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eAntibiotics\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e6\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 21.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/6\/4\/21\/htm\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBuford, T. W. (2017). (Dis) Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease. \u003ci\u003eMicrobiome\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 80.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0296-0\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0296-0\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChenoll, E., Casinos, B., Bataller, E., Astals, P., Echevarría, J., Iglesias, J. R., ... \u0026amp; Genovés, S. (2011). Novel probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum CECT 7366 strain active against the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori. \u003ci\u003eApplied and environmental microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e77\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 1335-1343.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/aem.asm.org\/content\/77\/4\/1335.short\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCotter, P. D., Ross, R. P., \u0026amp; Hill, C. (2013). Bacteriocins—a viable alternative to antibiotics?. \u003ci\u003eNature Reviews Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e11\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 95.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro2937\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCotter, P. D., Hill, C., \u0026amp; Ross, R. P. (2005). Food microbiology: bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. \u003ci\u003eNature Reviews Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e3\u003c\/i\u003e(10), 777.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrmicro1273\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGoldenberg, J. Z., Ma, S. S., Saxton, J. D., Martzen, M. R., Vandvik, P. O., Thorlund, K., ... \u0026amp; Johnston, B. C. (2013). Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea in adults and children. \u003ci\u003eCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, (5).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006095.pub3\/abstract\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohnston, B. C., Goldenberg, J. Z., Vandvik, P. O., Sun, X., \u0026amp; Guyatt, G. H. (2011). Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic‐associated diarrhea. \u003ci\u003eCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, (11).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004827.pub3\/abstract\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJunjua, M., Kechaou, N., Chain, F., Awussi, A. A., Roussel, Y., Perrin, C., ... \u0026amp; Chatel, J. M. (2016). A large scale in vitro screening of Streptococcus thermophilus strains revealed strains with a high anti-inflammatory potential. \u003ci\u003eLWT-Food Science and Technology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e70\u003c\/i\u003e, 78-87.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.02.006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.02.006\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManzoni, P., Mostert, M., Leonessa, M. L., Priolo, C., Farina, D., Monetti, C., ... \u0026amp; Gomirato, G. (2006). Oral supplementation with Lactobacillus casei subspecies rhamnosus prevents enteric colonization by Candida species in preterm neonates: a randomized study. \u003ci\u003eClinical infectious diseases\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e42\u003c\/i\u003e(12), 1735-1742.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/42\/12\/1735\/295307\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO’Connor, P. M., O’Shea, E. F., Cotter, P. D., Hill, C., \u0026amp; Ross, R. P. (2018). The potency of the broad spectrum bacteriocin, bactofencin A, against staphylococci is highly dependent on primary structure, N-terminal charge and disulphide formation. \u003ci\u003eScientific reports\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 11833.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-30271-6\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatel, A., Shah, N., \u0026amp; Prajapati, J. B. (2014). Clinical application of probiotics in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection—a brief review. \u003ci\u003eJournal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e47\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 429-437.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1684118213000637\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParker, R. B. (1974). Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. \u003ci\u003eAnim Nutr Health\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e29\u003c\/i\u003e, 4-8.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlaza-Diaz, J., Ruiz-Ojeda, F. J., Gil-Campos, M., \u0026amp; Gil, A. (2019). Mechanisms of action of probiotics. \u003ci\u003eAdvances in Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e10\u003c\/i\u003e(suppl_1), S49-S66.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/advances\/article-abstract\/10\/suppl_1\/S49\/5307225\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReid, G., \u0026amp; Burton, J. (2002). Use of Lactobacillus to prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria. \u003ci\u003eMicrobes and infection\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 319-324.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01544-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01544-7\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRhoads, J. M., Collins, J., Fatheree, N. Y., Hashmi, S. S., Taylor, C. M., Luo, M., ... \u0026amp; Liu, Y. (2018). Infant Colic Represents Gut Inflammation and Dysbiosis. \u003ci\u003eThe Journal of pediatrics\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.042\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSzajewska, H., Konarska, Z., \u0026amp; Kołodziej, M. (2016). Probiotic bacterial and fungal strains: claims with evidence.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eDigestive Diseases\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e34\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 251-259.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000443359\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000443359\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTodorov, S. D., de Melo Franco, B. D. G., \u0026amp; Tagg, J. R. (2019). Bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria having activity spectra extending beyond closely-related species. \u003ci\u003eBeneficial microbes\u003c\/i\u003e, 1-14.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.wageningenacademic.com\/doi\/abs\/10.3920\/BM2018.0126\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVanderpool, C., Yan, F., \u0026amp; Polk, B. D. (2008). Mechanisms of probiotic action: implications for therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel diseases. \u003ci\u003eInflammatory bowel diseases\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e14\u003c\/i\u003e(11), 1585-1596.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibd.20525\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibd.20525\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYang, S. C., Lin, C. H., Sung, C. T., \u0026amp; Fang, J. Y. (2014). Antibacterial activities of bacteriocins: application in foods and pharmaceuticals. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e, 241.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4033612\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYang, C. M., Cao, G. T., Ferket, P. R., Liu, T. T., Zhou, L., Zhang, L., ... \u0026amp; Chen, A. G. (2012). Effects of probiotic, Clostridium butyricum, on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens. \u003ci\u003ePoultry Science\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e91\u003c\/i\u003e(9), 2121-2129.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ps\/article\/91\/9\/2121\/1583555\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYin, X., Lee, B., Zaragoza, J., \u0026amp; Marco, M. L. (2017). Dietary perturbations alter the ecological significance of ingested Lactobacillus plantarum in the digestive tract. \u003ci\u003eScientific reports\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 7267.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-07428-w\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZelaya, H., Alvarez, S., Kitazawa, H., \u0026amp; Villena, J. (2016). Respiratory antiviral immunity and immunobiotics: beneficial effects on inflammation-coagulation interaction during influenza virus infection. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e, 633.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00633\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eImmune Support\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAFRC, R. F. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. \u003ci\u003eJournal of applied bacteriology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e66\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 365-378.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAguilar, C., Mano, M., \u0026amp; Eulalio, A. (2018). MicroRNAs at the Host–Bacteria Interface: Host Defense or Bacterial Offense. \u003ci\u003eTrends in microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0966842X18302348\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAzcarate-Peril, M.A., Sikes, M., Bruno-Barcena, J.M. (2011). The intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal environment and colorectal cancer: a putative role for probiotics in prevention of colorectal cancer?\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e301\u003c\/i\u003e, G401-G424. doi:10.1152\/ajpgi.00110.2011.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBocci V. (1992). The neglected organ: Bacterial flora has a crucial immunostimulatory role.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003ePerspectives in Biology and Medince\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e35\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 251–260.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/402661\/summary\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCianci, R., Franza, L., Schinzari, G., Rossi, E., Ianiro, G., Tortora, G., ... \u0026amp; Cammarota, G. (2019). The Interplay between Immunity and Microbiota at Intestinal Immunological Niche: The Case of Cancer. \u003ci\u003eInternational journal of molecular sciences\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e20\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 501.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/3\/501\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDargahi, N., Johnson, J., Donkor, O., Vasiljevic, T., \u0026amp; Apostolopoulos, V. (2018). Immunomodulatory effects of Streptococcus thermophilus on U937 monocyte cell cultures. \u003ci\u003eJournal of Functional Foods\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e49\u003c\/i\u003e, 241-249.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2018.08.038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2018.08.038\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGaldeano, C. M., Cazorla, S. I., Dumit, J. M. L., Vélez, E., \u0026amp; Perdigón, G. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System. \u003ci\u003eAnnals of Nutrition and Metabolism\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e74\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 115-124.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Abstract\/496426\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGern, J.E. (2015). Promising candidates for allergy prevention.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e136\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(1), 23–28.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0091674915007216\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHarata, G., He, F., Takahashi, K., Hosono, A., Miyazawa, K., Yoda, K., ... \u0026amp; Kaminogawa, S. (2016). Human Lactobacillus strains from the intestine can suppress IgE-mediated degranulation of rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL-2H3) cells. \u003ci\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 40. doi:\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms4040040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e10.3390\/microorganisms4040040\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLecellier, C. H., Dunoyer, P., Arar, K., Lehmann-Che, J., Eyquem, S., Himber, C., ... \u0026amp; Voinnet, O. (2005). A cellular microRNA mediates antiviral defense in human cells. \u003ci\u003eScience\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e308\u003c\/i\u003e(5721), 557-560.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/7891502_A_Cellular_MicroRNA_Mediates_Antiviral_Defense_in_Human_Cells\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLilly, D. M., \u0026amp; Stillwell, R. H. (1965). Probiotics: growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. \u003ci\u003eScience\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e147\u003c\/i\u003e(3659), 747-748.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.147.3659.747\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.147.3659.747\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMa, F., Xu, S., Liu, X., Zhang, Q., Xu, X., Liu, M., ... \u0026amp; Cao, X. (2011). The microRNA miR-29 controls innate and adaptive immune responses to intracellular bacterial infection by targeting interferon-γ. \u003ci\u003eNature immunology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e12\u003c\/i\u003e(9), 861.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ni.2073\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMadsen, K. (2006). Probiotics and the immune response.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eJ Clin Gastroenterol\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e40\u003c\/i\u003e, 232–4.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/jcge\/Abstract\/2006\/03000\/Probiotics_and_the_Immune_Response.14.aspx\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarshall, W.E. (2014). Bacterial ORNs, a new paradigm to prevent infection. In Weston A. Price Foundation, online\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.westonaprice.org\/health-topics\/farm-ranch\/bacterial-orns-a-new-paradigm-to-prevent-infections\/\"\u003eArticle.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarshall, W. E. (2010). Oligoribonucleotides alert the immune system of animals to the imminence of microbial infection. \u003ci\u003eU.S. Patent No. 7,678,557\u003c\/i\u003e. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US7189834B2\/en\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNakata, K., Sugi, Y., Narabayashi, H., Kobayakawa, T., Nakanishi, Y., Tsuda, M., ... \u0026amp; Takahashi, K. (2017). Commensal microbiota-induced microRNA modulates intestinal epithelial permeability through the small GTPase ARF4. \u003ci\u003eJournal of Biological Chemistry\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e292\u003c\/i\u003e(37), 15426-15433.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.jbc.org\/content\/292\/37\/15426.short\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNishiyama, K., Sugiyama, M., \u0026amp; Mukai, T. (2016). Adhesion properties of lactic acid bacteria on intestinal mucin. \u003ci\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 34.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/4\/3\/34\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParker, R. B. (1974). Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. \u003ci\u003eAnim Nutr Health\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e29\u003c\/i\u003e, 4-8.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParvez, S., Malik, K.A., Kang, S., \u0026amp; Kim, H.Y. (2006). Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. J Appl Microbiol.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e100\u003c\/i\u003e, 1171–85.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02963.x\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoberfroid, M.B. (2000). Prebiotics and probiotics: Are they functional foods? Am J Clin Nutr,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e71\u003c\/i\u003e, 1682S–7S.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article\/71\/6\/1682S\/4729644\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSaini, R., Saini, S., Sugandha. (2009). Probiotics: The health boosters. J Cutan Aesthet Surg,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e2\u003c\/i\u003e, 112.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.jcasonline.com\/article.asp?issn=0974-2077;year=2009;volume=2;issue=2;spage=112;epage=112;aulast=Saini\"\u003eLetter\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalas-Jara, M. J., Ilabaca, A., Vega, M., \u0026amp; García, A. (2016). Biofilm forming Lactobacillus: new challenges for the development of probiotics. \u003ci\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 35. doi:\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms4030035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e10.3390\/microorganisms403003\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShmaryahu, A., Carrasco, M., \u0026amp; Valenzuela, P. D. (2014). Prediction of bacterial microRNAs and possible targets in human cell transcriptome. \u003ci\u003eJournal of Microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e52\u003c\/i\u003e(6), 482-489.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12275-014-3658-3\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStaedel, C., \u0026amp; Darfeuille, F. (2013). Micro RNA s and bacterial infection. \u003ci\u003eCellular microbiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e15\u003c\/i\u003e(9), 1496-1507.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cmi.12159\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSunkavalli, U., Aguilar, C., Silva, R. J., Sharan, M., Cruz, A. R., Tawk, C., ... \u0026amp; Eulalio, A. (2017). Analysis of host microRNA function uncovers a role for miR-29b-2-5p in Shigella capture by filopodia. \u003ci\u003ePLoS pathogens\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e13\u003c\/i\u003e(4), e1006327.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plospathogens\/article?rev=2\u0026amp;id=10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006327\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWahid, F., Shehzad, A., Khan, T., \u0026amp; Kim, Y. Y. (2010). MicroRNAs: synthesis, mechanism, function, and recent clinical trials. \u003ci\u003eBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e1803\u003c\/i\u003e(11), 1231-1243. \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.06.013\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.06.01\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZhao, Y., \u0026amp; Lukiw, W. J. (2018). Microbiome-mediated upregulation of microRNA-146a in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in neurology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e9\u003c\/i\u003e, 145.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00145\/full\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eIBS:  Inflammatory Bowel Support\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBalakrishnan, M., \u0026amp; Floch, M. H. (2012). Prebiotics, probiotics and digestive health. \u003ci\u003eCurrent Opinion in Clinical Nutrition \u0026amp; Metabolic Care\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e15\u003c\/i\u003e(6), 580-585.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/co-clinicalnutrition\/Abstract\/2012\/11000\/Prebiotics,_probiotics_and_digestive_health.10.aspx\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDimidi, E., Christodoulides, S., Scott, S. M., \u0026amp; Whelan, K. (2017). Mechanisms of action of probiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota on gut motility and constipation. \u003ci\u003eAdvances in Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 484-494.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/advances\/article\/8\/3\/484\/4558107\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDistrutti, E., Monaldi, L., Ricci, P., \u0026amp; Fiorucci, S. (2016). Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies. \u003ci\u003eWorld journal of gastroenterology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e22\u003c\/i\u003e(7), 2219.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4734998\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGhouri, Y. A., Richards, D. M., Rahimi, E. F., Krill, J. T., Jelinek, K. A., \u0026amp; DuPont, A. W. (2014). Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. \u003ci\u003eClinical and experimental gastroenterology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e, 473.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4266241\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLin, P.W., Myers, L.E., Ray, L., Song, S.C., Nasr, T.R., Berardinelli, A.J., Kundu, K., Murthy, N., Hansen, J.M., \u0026amp; Neish A.S. (2009).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactobacillus rhamnosus\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eblocks inflammatory signaling\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003evia reactive oxygen species generation.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eFree Radic. Biol. Med\u003c\/i\u003e, 47, 1205–1211. doi: 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.033.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMartini, E., Krug, S. M., Siegmund, B., Neurath, M. F., \u0026amp; Becker, C. (2017). Mend your fences: the epithelial barrier and its relationship with mucosal immunity in inflammatory bowel disease. \u003ci\u003eCellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 33-46.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352345X1730053X\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatel, R., \u0026amp; DuPont, H. L. (2015). New approaches for bacteriotherapy: prebiotics, new-generation probiotics, and synbiotics. \u003ci\u003eClinical Infectious Diseases\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e60\u003c\/i\u003e(suppl_2), S108-S121.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ177\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ177\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePedersen, G. (2000). Development, validation and implementation of an in vitro model for the study of metabolic and im-mune function in normal and inflamed human co-lonic epithelium. \u003ci\u003eAutoimmunity\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e32\u003c\/i\u003e, 255-263.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/c101\/1722f7005f79cb87571908bf7b7a738589c4.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVanderpool, C., Yan, F., \u0026amp; Polk, B. D. (2008). Mechanisms of probiotic action: implications for therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel diseases. \u003ci\u003eInflammatory bowel diseases\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e14\u003c\/i\u003e(11), 1585-1596.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibd.20525\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibd.20525\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVitetta, L., Briskey, D., Alford, H., Hall, S., \u0026amp; Coulson S. (2014). Probiotics, prebiotics and the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Inflammopharmacology, DOI: 10.1007\/s10787-014-0201-4.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Luis_Vitetta\/publication\/260842062_Probiotics_prebiotics_and_the_gastrointestinal_tract_in_health_and_disease\/links\/0a85e53b47e7f81075000000.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWasilewski, A., Zielińska, M., Storr, M., \u0026amp; Fichna, J. (2015). Beneficial effects of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and psychobiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. \u003ci\u003eInflammatory bowel diseases\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e21\u003c\/i\u003e(7), 1674-1682.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ibdjournal\/article-abstract\/21\/7\/1674\/4604272\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZhang, Y., Li, L., Guo, C., Mu, D., Feng, B., Zuo, X., \u0026amp; Li, Y. (2016). Effects of probiotic type, dose and treatment duration on irritable bowel syndrome diagnosed by Rome III criteria: a meta-analysis. \u003ci\u003eBMC gastroenterology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e16\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 62.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27296254\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eModulating a Healthy Microbiome: Immunity, Intestinal Barrier \u0026amp; Brain\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArora, T., \u0026amp; Bäckhed, F. (2016). The gut microbiota and metabolic disease: current understanding and future perspectives. \u003ci\u003eJournal of internal medicine\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e280\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 339-349.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/joim.12508\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlackwood, B. P., Yuan, C. Y., Wood, D. R., Nicolas, J. D., Grothaus, J. S., \u0026amp; Hunter, C. J. (2017). Probiotic Lactobacillus species strengthen intestinal barrier function and tight junction integrity in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. \u003ci\u003eJournal of probiotics \u0026amp; health\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e(1).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5475283\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBosscher, D., Breynaert, A., Pieters, L., \u0026amp; Hermans, N. (2009). Food-based strategies to modulate the composition of the microbiota and their associated health effects. \u003ci\u003eJournal of physiology and pharmacology\/Polish Physiological Society.-Kraków, 1991, currens\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e60\u003c\/i\u003e(S: 6), 5-11.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/repository.uantwerpen.be\/docman\/irua\/4e8086\/7495.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBron, P. A., Kleerebezem, M., Brummer, R. J., Cani, P. D., Mercenier, A., MacDonald, T. T., ... \u0026amp; Wells, J. M. (2017). Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function?. \u003ci\u003eBritish Journal of Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e117\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 93-107.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-journal-of-nutrition\/article\/can-probiotics-modulate-human-disease-by-impacting-intestinal-barrier-function\/DEF63ACAC72D015CADD2E6EB35D4AD59\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCani PD, Delzenne NM. (2011).The gut microbiome as therapeutic target.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003ePharmacol Ther, 130\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 202-12.DOI:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.01.012\"\u003e10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.01.012\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChoudhury, T. G., \u0026amp; Kamilya, D. (2018). Paraprobiotics: an aquaculture perspective. \u003ci\u003eReviews in Aquaculture\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/raq.12290\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ede Vos, P., Mujagic, Z., de Haan, B. J., Siezen, R. J., Bron, P. A., Meijerink, M., ... \u0026amp; Troost, F. J. (2017). Lactobacillus plantarum Strains Can Enhance Human Mucosal and Systemic Immunity and Prevent Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Induced Reduction in T Regulatory Cells.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrontiers in Immunology\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e, 1000. DOI:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01000\"\u003e10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01000\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDe Vrese, M., \u0026amp; Schrezenmeir, J. (2008). Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e111\u003c\/i\u003e, 1–66.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/10_2008_097\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDinan, T. G., \u0026amp; Cryan, J. F. (2017). Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration. \u003ci\u003eThe Journal of physiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e595\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 489-503.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1113\/JP273106\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGibson, G.R., Probert, H.M., van Loo, J.A.E., \u0026amp; Roberfroid, M.B. (2004). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr. Res. Rev,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e17\u003c\/i\u003e, 257–259.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/nutrition-research-reviews\/article\/dietary-modulation-of-the-human-colonic-microbiota-updating-the-concept-of-prebiotics\/E445EDF28DD9C50CAE5E6BCCED5D0805\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGibson, G.R., \u0026amp; Roberfroid, M.B. (1995). Dietary modulation of the colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics. J. Nutr,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e125\u003c\/i\u003e, 1401–1412.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article-abstract\/125\/6\/1401\/4730723\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHu, S., Wang, L., \u0026amp; Jiang, Z. (2017). Dietary Additive Probiotics Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota. \u003ci\u003eProtein and peptide letters\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e24\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 382-387. DOI:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929866524666170223143615\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e10.2174\/0929866524666170223143615\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKechagia, M., Basoulis, D., Konstantopoulou, S., Dimitriadi, D., Gyftopoulou, K., Skarmoutsou, N., \u0026amp; Fakiri, E. M. (2013). Health benefits of probiotics: a review. \u003ci\u003eISRN nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e2013\u003c\/i\u003e.  \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5402\/2013\/481651\"\u003ehttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5402\/2013\/481651\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMacfarlane, S. M. G. T., Macfarlane, G. T., \u0026amp; Cummings, J. T. (2006). Prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. \u003ci\u003eAlimentary pharmacology \u0026amp; therapeutics\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e24\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 701-714.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03042.x\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaguire, M., \u0026amp; Maguire, G. (2019). Gut dysbiosis, leaky gut, and intestinal epithelial proliferation in neurological disorders: towards the development of a new therapeutic using amino acids, prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. \u003ci\u003eReviews in the Neurosciences\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e30\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 179-201.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/revneuro.2019.30.issue-2\/revneuro-2018-0024\/revneuro-2018-0024.xml\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManzoni, P., Mostert, M., Leonessa, M. L., Priolo, C., Farina, D., Monetti, C., ... \u0026amp; Gomirato, G. (2006). Oral supplementation with Lactobacillus casei subspecies rhamnosus prevents enteric colonization by Candida species in preterm neonates: a randomized study. \u003ci\u003eClinical infectious diseases\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e42\u003c\/i\u003e(12), 1735-1742.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/42\/12\/1735\/295307\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMujagic, Z., De Vos, P., Boekschoten, M. V., Govers, C., Pieters, H. J. H., De Wit, N. J., ... \u0026amp; Troost, F. J. (2017). The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on small intestinal barrier function and mucosal gene transcription; a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eScientific reports\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e, 40128. DOI:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep40128\"\u003e10.1038\/srep40128\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNishiyama, K., Sugiyama, M., \u0026amp; Mukai, T. (2016). Adhesion properties of lactic acid bacteria on intestinal mucin. \u003ci\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 34.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/4\/3\/34\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatel, R., \u0026amp; DuPont, H. L. (2015). New approaches for bacteriotherapy: prebiotics, new-generation probiotics, and synbiotics. \u003ci\u003eClinical Infectious Diseases\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e60\u003c\/i\u003e(suppl_2), S108-S121.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/60\/suppl_2\/S108\/379916\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoberfroid M. (2007). Prebiotics: The concept revisited. J. Nutr,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e137\u003c\/i\u003e, 830–837.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jn\/article\/137\/3\/830S\/4664774\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoberfroid, M. B. (2002). Functional foods: concepts and application to inulin and oligofructose. \u003ci\u003eBritish Journal of Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e87\u003c\/i\u003e(S2), S139-S143.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/BJN\/2002529\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/BJN\/2002529\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSirisinha, S. (2016). The potential impact of gut microbiota on your health: Current status and future challenges. \u003ci\u003eAsian Pac J Allergy Immunol\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e34\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 249-264.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/apjai-journal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/1ThepotentialimpactAPJAIVol34No4December2016P249.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThomas, L. V., Suzuki, K., \u0026amp; Zhao, J. (2015). Probiotics: a proactive approach to health. A symposium report. \u003ci\u003eBritish Journal of Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e114\u003c\/i\u003e(S1), S1-S15.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-journal-of-nutrition\/article\/probiotics-a-proactive-approach-to-health-a-symposium-report\/C6A85D180824F61586B404FA8D45EB75\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTufarelli, V., \u0026amp; Laudadio, V. (2016). An overview on the functional food concept: prospectives and applied researches in probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. \u003ci\u003eJ Exp Bioland Agric Sci\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 273-8.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/c296\/024b076f84faf2f1b963abb5820469733c21.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTsilingiri, K., \u0026amp; Rescigno, M. (2012). Postbiotics: what else?. \u003ci\u003eBeneficial microbes\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 101-107.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23271068\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVitetta L., Sali A. (2008). Probiotics, prebiotics and gastrointestinal health. Med. Today,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e9\u003c\/i\u003e, 65–70.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Luis_Vitetta\/publication\/43510846_Probiotics_prebiotics_and_gastrointestinal_health\/links\/5598fc9008ae99aa62ca3596.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYin, X., Lee, B., Zaragoza, J., \u0026amp; Marco, M. L. (2017). Dietary perturbations alter the ecological significance of ingested Lactobacillus plantarum in the digestive tract. \u003ci\u003eScientific reports\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 7267.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-07428-w\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eBabies and Young Children’s Microbiome\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmenyogbe, N., Kollmann, T. R., \u0026amp; Ben-Othman, R. (2017). Early-life host–microbiome interphase: the key frontier for immune development. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in pediatrics\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e, 111. DOI:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2017.00111\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003e10.3389\/fped.2017.00111\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlanton, L. V., Barratt, M. J., Charbonneau, M. R., Ahmed, T., \u0026amp; Gordon, J. I. (2016). Childhood undernutrition, the gut microbiota, and microbiota-directed therapeutics. \u003ci\u003eScience\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e352\u003c\/i\u003e(6293), 1533-1533. DOI:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/352\/6293\/1533\"\u003e10.1126\/science.aad9359\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCox, M. J., Huang, Y. J., Fujimura, K. E., Liu, J. T., McKean, M., Boushey, H. A., ... \u0026amp; Lynch, S. V. (2010). Lactobacillus casei abundance is associated with profound shifts in the infant gut microbiome. \u003ci\u003ePLoS One\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e(1), e8745.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0008745\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmami, C. N., Petrosyan, M., Giuliani, S., Williams, M., Hunter, C., Prasadarao, N. V., \u0026amp; Ford, H. R. (2009). Role of the host defense system and intestinal microbial flora in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. \u003ci\u003eSurgical infections\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e10\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 407-417.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.liebertpub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1089\/sur.2009.054\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGoldenberg, J. Z., Lytvyn, L., Steurich, J., Parkin, P., Mahant, S., \u0026amp; Johnston, B. C. (2015). Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic‐associated diarrhea.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Cochrane Library\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004827.pub4\/full\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHodzic, Z., Bolock, A. M., \u0026amp; Good, M. (2017). The role of mucosal immunity in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. \u003ci\u003eFrontiers in pediatrics\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e, 40.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2017.00040\/full\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eArticle\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHayes, S. R., \u0026amp; Vargas, A. J. (2016). Probiotics for the Prevention of Pediatric Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eExplore: The Journal of Science and Healing\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e12\u003c\/i\u003e(6), 463-466.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2016.08.015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2016.08.015\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKang, D. W., Ilhan, Z. E., Isern, N. G., Hoyt, D. W., Howsmon, D. P., Shaffer, M., ... \u0026amp; Krajmalnik-Brown, R. (2018). Differences in fecal microbial metabolites and microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorders. \u003ci\u003eAnaerobe\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e49\u003c\/i\u003e, 121-131.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1075996417302305\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatel, R.M., \u0026amp; Denning, P.W. (2013). Therapeutic use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis: What is the current evidence?\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eClin Perinatol, 40\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 11-25.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3575601\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShankar, V., Gouda, M., Moncivaiz, J., Gordon, A., Reo, N. V., Hussein, L., \u0026amp; Paliy, O. (2017). Differences in gut metabolites and microbial composition and functions between Egyptian and US children are consistent with their diets. \u003ci\u003eMsystems\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e2\u003c\/i\u003e(1), e00169-16.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/msystems.asm.org\/content\/msys\/2\/1\/e00169-16.full.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubramanian, S., Huq, S., Yatsunenko, T., Haque, R., Mahfuz, M., Alam, M. A., ... \u0026amp; Barratt, M. J. (2014). Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children. \u003ci\u003eNature\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e510\u003c\/i\u003e(7505), 417.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature13421\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"dx-doi\"\u003eWegh, C. A., Schoterman, M. H., Vaughan, E. E., Belzer, C., \u0026amp; Benninga, M. A. (2017). The effect of fiber and prebiotics on children’s gastrointestinal disorders and microbiome. \u003ci\u003eExpert review of gastroenterology \u0026amp; hepatology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e11\u003c\/i\u003e(11), 1031-1045.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17474124.2017.1359539\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17474124.2017.1359539\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"dx-doi\"\u003eZhang, M., Ma, W., Zhang, J., He, Y., \u0026amp; Wang, J. (2018). Analysis of gut microbiota profiles and microbe-disease associations in children with autism spectrum disorders in China. \u003ci\u003eScientific reports\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e8\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 13981.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32219-2\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eMetabolic Support: Cardiovascular, Diabetes, Cancer, and Weight\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCani, P.D., Pssemiers, S., Van de Wiele, T., Guiot, Y., Everad, A., Rottier, O…. Delzenne, N.M. (2009). Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2 driven improvement of gut permeability.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eGut\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e58\u003c\/i\u003e(8), 1091-1103. DOI:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2008.165886\"\u003e10.1136\/gut.2008.165886\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCani, P. D. (2019). Severe obesity and gut microbiota: does bariatric surgery really reset the system?. \u003ci\u003eGut\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e68\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 5-6.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/content\/68\/1\/5.short\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCani, P. D., \u0026amp; Delzenne, N. M. (2009). The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease. \u003ci\u003eCurrent pharmaceutical design\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e15\u003c\/i\u003e(13), 1546-1558.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/academia.edu.documents\/37821655\/0009B.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A\u0026amp;Expires=1553625551\u0026amp;Signature=irilDNOVKxL13VYPmTXDeXs2qr4%3D\u0026amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_Role_of_the_Gut_Microbiota_in_Energy.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCani, P. D., Bibiloni, R., Knauf, C., Waget, A., Neyrinck, A. M., Delzenne, N. M., \u0026amp; Burcelin, R. (2008). Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet–induced obesity and diabetes in mice. \u003ci\u003eDiabetes\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e57\u003c\/i\u003e(6), 1470-1481.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/diabetes.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/diabetes\/57\/6\/1470.full.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., ... \u0026amp; Waget, A. (2007). Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. \u003ci\u003eDiabetes\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e56\u003c\/i\u003e(7), 1761-1772.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/diabetes.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/diabetes\/56\/7\/1761.full.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCani, P. D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Knauf, C., Burcelin, R. G., Tuohy, K. M., ... \u0026amp; Delzenne, N. M. (2007). Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. \u003ci\u003eDiabetologia\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e50\u003c\/i\u003e(11), 2374-2383.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-007-0791-0?__hstc=209342221.cad23cdf89637a97c833078f3dec9d96.1462492800047.1462492800048.1462492800049.1\u0026amp;__hssc=209342221.1.1462492800050\u0026amp;__hsfp=1314462730\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDruat, C., Alligier, M., Salazar, N., Neyrinck, A.M., \u0026amp; Delzenne, N.M. (2014). Modulation of the gut microbiota by nutrients with prebiotic and probiotic properties.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdv Nur, 5\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 624S-633S. DOI:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/an.114.005835\"\u003e10.3945\/an.114.005835\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEverard, A., \u0026amp; Cani, P. (2013). Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eBest Pract.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eRes. Clin. Gastroenterol\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e27\u003c\/i\u003e, 73–83.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1521691813000619?via%3Dihub\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFalcinelli, S., Rodiles, A., Hatef, A., Picchietti, S., Cossignani, L., Merrifield, D. L., ... \u0026amp; Carnevali, O. (2017). Dietary lipid content reorganizes gut microbiota and probiotic L. rhamnosus attenuates obesity and enhances catabolic hormonal milieu in zebrafish. \u003ci\u003eScientific reports\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 5512.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-05147-w\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrazier, T. H., DiBaise, J. K., \u0026amp; McClain, C. J. (2011). Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, obesity-induced inflammation, and liver injury. \u003ci\u003eJournal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e35\u003c\/i\u003e(5_suppl), 14S-20S.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.immuron.com.au\/assets\/files\/Gut-microbiome-and-NASH.PDF\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHan, J. L., \u0026amp; Lin, H. L. (2014). Intestinal microbiota and type 2 diabetes: from mechanism insights to therapeutic perspective. \u003ci\u003eWorld journal of gastroenterology: WJG\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e20\u003c\/i\u003e(47), 17737.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4273124\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKorkmaz, O. A., Sadi, G., Kocabas, A., Yildirim, O. G., Sumlu, E., Koca, H. B., ... \u0026amp; Bilgehan, M. Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus plantarum modulate renal antioxidant status in a rat model of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Goekhan_Sadi\/publication\/331348421_Lactobacillus_helveticus_and_Lactobacillus_plantarum_modulate_renal_antioxidant_status_in_a_rat_model_of_fructose-induced_metabolic_syndrome\/links\/5c7932ba299bf1268d2f7c5d\/Lactobacillus-helveticus-and-Lactobacillus-plantarum-modulate-renal-antioxidant-status-in-a-rat-model-of-fructose-induced-metabolic-syndrome.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMacfarlane, S., Cleary, S., Bahrami, B., Reynolds, N., \u0026amp; Macfarlane, G. T. (2013). Synbiotic consumption changes the metabolism and composition of the gut microbiota in older people and modifies inflammatory processes: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study. \u003ci\u003eAlimentary pharmacology \u0026amp; therapeutics\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e38\u003c\/i\u003e(7), 804-816.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apt.12453\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarques, F. Z., Mackay, C. R., \u0026amp; Kaye, D. M. (2018). Beyond gut feelings: how the gut microbiota regulates blood pressure. \u003ci\u003eNature Reviews Cardiology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e15\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 20.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2017.120\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQin, Y., Roberts, J. D., Grimm, S. A., Lih, F. B., Deterding, L. J., Li, R., ... \u0026amp; Wade, P. A. (2018). An obesity-associated gut microbiome reprograms the intestinal epigenome and leads to altered colonic gene expression. \u003ci\u003eGenome biology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e19\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 7.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/genomebiology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13059-018-1389-1\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoberfroid, M., Gibson, G. R., Hoyles, L., McCartney, A. L., Rastall, R., Rowland, I., ... \u0026amp; Guarner, F. (2010). Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits. \u003ci\u003eBritish Journal of Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e104\u003c\/i\u003e(S2), S1-S63.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-journal-of-nutrition\/article\/prebiotic-effects-metabolic-and-health-benefits\/F644C98393E2B3EB64A562854115D368\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSerino, M., Blasco-Baque, V., Nicolas, S., \u0026amp; Burcelin, R. (2014). Managing the manager: gut microbes, stem cells and metabolism. \u003ci\u003eDiabetes \u0026amp; metabolism\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e40\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 186-190.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1262363613002346\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYan Q, Li X, Feng B. (2015). The efficacy and safety of probiotics intervention in preventing conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled trial of the Probiotics Prevention Diabetes Programme (PPDP).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eBMC Endocr Discord\u003c\/em\u003e; 15(1): 74.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-015-0071-9\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eCardiovascular and Fatty Liver Support\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eÁlvarez-Mercado, A. I., Navarro-Oliveros, M., Robles-Sánchez, C., Plaza-Díaz, J., Sáez-Lara, M. J., Muñoz-Quezada, S., ... \u0026amp; Abadía-Molina, F. (2019). Microbial Population Changes and Their Relationship with Human Health and Disease. \u003ci\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 68.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/3\/68\/htm\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDelzenne, N. M., Knudsen, C., Beaumont, M., Rodriguez, J., Neyrinck, A. M., \u0026amp; Bindels, L. B. (2019). Contribution of the gut microbiota to the regulation of host metabolism and energy balance: a focus on the gut–liver axis. \u003ci\u003eProceedings of the Nutrition Society\u003c\/i\u003e, 1-10.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society\/article\/contribution-of-the-gut-microbiota-to-the-regulation-of-host-metabolism-and-energy-balance-a-focus-on-the-gutliver-axis\/9C58A0E320AB35547FE219EDF19F9AE6\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFernandes, R., do Rosario, V. A., Mocellin, M. C., Kuntz, M. G., \u0026amp; Trindade, E. B. (2017). Effects of inulin-type fructans, galacto-oligosaccharides and related synbiotics on inflammatory markers in adult patients with overweight or obesity: A systematic review. \u003ci\u003eClinical Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e36\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 1197-1206.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0261561416312754\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIacono, A., Raso, G. M., Canani, R. B., Calignano, A., \u0026amp; Meli, R. (2011). Probiotics as an emerging therapeutic strategy to treat NAFLD: focus on molecular and biochemical mechanisms. \u003ci\u003eThe Journal of nutritional biochemistry\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e22\u003c\/i\u003e(8), 699-711.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0955286310002408\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohnson-Henry et al. (2008). Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG prevents enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157:H7- Induced changes in epithelial barrier function. Infect Immun; 76:1340-1348.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/iai.asm.org\/content\/76\/4\/1340.short\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLee et al. (2006). Human originated bacteria,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactobacillus rhamnosus\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePL60, produce conjugated linoleic acid and show anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eBiochim Biophys Acta\u003c\/em\u003e; 1761: 736-744.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/eanimal.snu.ac.kr\/Aboutus\/paper\/papers\/bbalip.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSafari, Z., \u0026amp; Gérard, P. (2019). The links between the gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). \u003ci\u003eCellular and Molecular Life Sciences\u003c\/i\u003e, 1-18.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00018-019-03011-w\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShalitin, S., Battelino, T., \u0026amp; Moreno, L. A. (2019). Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Nutrition. \u003ci\u003eNutrition and Growth: Yearbook 2019\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e119\u003c\/i\u003e, 13-42. \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en\u0026amp;lr=\u0026amp;id=Y-OGDwAAQBAJ\u0026amp;oi=fnd\u0026amp;pg=PT23\u0026amp;dq=+meta-analysis+of+the+prebiotics+and+synbiotics+effects+on+glycaemia,+insulin+concentrations+and+lipid+parameters+in+adult+patients+with+overweight+or+obesity.\u0026amp;ots=yJ9bP-ZUDn\u0026amp;sig=GtbpOFXdGAGvm9drVMb4rQHclPc#v=onepage\u0026amp;q\u0026amp;f=false\"\u003eChapter\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWang et al. (2009). Effects of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactobacillus plantarum\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMA2 isolated from Tibet kefir on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora of rats fed on high-cholesterol diet. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol; 84: 341-347.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00253-009-2012-x\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYadav et al. (2007). Antidiabetic effect of probiotic dahl containing\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactobacillus acidophilus\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactobacillus casei\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ein high fructose fed rats.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eNutrition\u003c\/em\u003e; 23: 62-68.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Hariom_Yadav2\/publication\/6711708_Antidiabetic_effect_of_probiotic_dahi_containing_Lactobacillus_acidophilus_and_Lactobacillus_casei_in_high_fructose_fed_rats\/links\/5b22d73faca272277faf9632\/Antidiabetic-effect-of-probiotic-dahi-containing-Lactobacillus-acidophilus-and-Lactobacillus-casei-in-high-fructose-fed-rats.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYari, Z., \u0026amp; Hekmatdoost, A. (2019). Dietary Interventions in Fatty Liver. In \u003ci\u003eDietary Interventions in Gastrointestinal Diseases\u003c\/i\u003e (pp. 245-255). Academic Press.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B978012814468800020X\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Microbiome \u0026amp; Support During Cancer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlexander, J. L., Kohoutova, D., \u0026amp; Powell, N. (2019). Science in Focus: The Microbiome and Cancer Therapy. \u003ci\u003eClinical Oncology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e31\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 1-4.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.clinicaloncologyonline.net\/article\/S0936-6555(18)30440-0\/abstract\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArora, M., Baldi, A., Kapila, N., Bhandari, S., \u0026amp; Jeet, K. (2019). Impact of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Colon Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Future Approaches. \u003ci\u003eCurrent Cancer Therapy Reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e15\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 27-36.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/contentone\/ben\/cctr\/2019\/00000015\/00000001\/art00005\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBanerjee, S., \u0026amp; Robertson, E. S. (2019). Future Perspectives: Microbiome, Cancer and Therapeutic Promise. In \u003ci\u003eMicrobiome and Cancer\u003c\/i\u003e (pp. 363-389). Humana Press, Cham.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-04155-7_17\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBelcheva, A., Irrazabal, T., \u0026amp; Martin, A. (2015). Gut microbial metabolism and colon cancer: can manipulations of the microbiota be useful in the management of gastrointestinal health?. \u003ci\u003eBioessays\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e37\u003c\/i\u003e(4), 403-412.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/bies.201400204\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBuford, T. W. (2017). (Dis) Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease. \u003ci\u003eMicrobiome\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e5\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 80.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0296-0\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChen, B., Du, G., Guo, J., \u0026amp; Zhang, Y. (2019). Bugs, drugs, and cancer: can the microbiome be a potential therapeutic target for cancer management?. \u003ci\u003eDrug discovery today\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Md_Khan68\/publication\/331574670_The_microbiome_cancer_and_cancer_therapy\/links\/5c83e38e299bf1268d4b3269\/The-microbiome-cancer-and-cancer-therapy.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDe Almeida, C. V., de Camargo, M. R., Russo, E., \u0026amp; Amedei, A. (2019). Role of diet and gut microbiota on colorectal cancer immunomodulation. \u003ci\u003eWorld journal of gastroenterology, 25\u003c\/i\u003e(2), 151. \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6337022\/\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDewar, M., Izawa, J., Li, F., Chanyi, R. M., Reid, G., \u0026amp; Burton, J. P. (2018). Microbiome.In\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eBladder Cancer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e(pp. 615-628). Academic Press.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128099391000321\"\u003eChapter32\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrago, L. (2019). Probiotics and Colon Cancer. \u003ci\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e7\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 66.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/3\/66\/htm\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemia, A. P., Luceri, C., Dolara, P., Giannini, A., Biggeri, A., Salvadori, M., ... \u0026amp; Caderni, G. (2002). Antitumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. \u003ci\u003eCarcinogenesis\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e23\u003c\/i\u003e(11), 1953-1960.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/article\/23\/11\/1953\/2608318\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHan, C. Dai, Y.Q., Hua, Z-C., Fu, G.F., Yin, Y., Hu, B., \u0026amp; Xu, G.X. (2019). Bifidobacterium as a delivery system of functional genes for cancer therapy. In A.M. Chakrabarty \u0026amp; A.M. Fialho (Eds.),\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicrobial infections and cancer therapy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(pp. 1-32). Singapore: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en\u0026amp;lr=\u0026amp;id=CTyIDwAAQBAJ\u0026amp;oi=fnd\u0026amp;pg=PA1\u0026amp;dq=Antitumorigenic+activity+of+the+prebiotic+inulin+enriched+with+oligofructose+in+combination+with+the+probiotics+Lactobacillus+rhamnosus+and+Bifidobacterium+lactis+on+azoxymethane-induced+colon+carcinogenesis+in+rats\u0026amp;ots=fqb00ow2O5\u0026amp;sig=f1qVQTikKtRRINm3R0tytETixIA#v=onepage\u0026amp;q=Antitumorigenic%20activity%20of%20the%20prebiotic%20inulin%20enriched%20with%20oligofructose%20in%20combination%20with%20the%20probiotics%20Lactobacillus%20rhamnosus%20and%20Bifidobacterium%20lactis%20on%20azoxymethane-induced%20colon%20carcin\"\u003eChapter1\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHelmink, B. A., Khan, M. W., Hermann, A., Gopalakrishnan, V., \u0026amp; Wargo, J. A. (2019). The microbiome, cancer, and cancer therapy. \u003ci\u003eNature medicine\u003c\/i\u003e, 1.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Md_Khan68\/publication\/331574670_The_microbiome_cancer_and_cancer_therapy\/links\/5c83e38e299bf1268d4b3269\/The-microbiome-cancer-and-cancer-therapy.pdf\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHibberd, A. A., Lyra, A., Ouwehand, A. C., Rolny, P., Lindegren, H., Cedgård, L., \u0026amp; Wettergren, Y. (2017). Intestinal microbiota is altered in patients with colon cancer and modified by probiotic intervention. \u003ci\u003eBMJ open gastroenterology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(1), e000145.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/bmjopengastro.bmj.com\/content\/4\/1\/e000145?utm_campaign=bmjog\u0026amp;utm_term=1-A\u0026amp;utm_medium=cpc\u0026amp;utm_source=trendmd\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLi, W., Deng, Y., Chu, Q., \u0026amp; Zhang, P. (2019). Gut microbiome and cancer immunotherapy. \u003ci\u003eCancer letters\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0304383519300278\"\u003eArticle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiong, M. T. (2008). Roles of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer prevention: postulated mechanisms and in-vivo evidence. \u003ci\u003eInternational journal of molecular sciences\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e9\u003c\/i\u003e(5), 854-863.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/9\/5\/854\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMazraeh, R., Azizi-Soleiman, F., Jazayeri, S. M. H. M., \u0026amp; Noori, S. M. A. (2019). Effect of inulin-type fructans in patients undergoing cancer treatments: A systematic review. \u003ci\u003ePakistan Journal of Medical Sciences\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e35\u003c\/i\u003e(2).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/pjms.org.pk\/index.php\/pjms\/article\/view\/701\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNicoletti, A., Pompili, M., Gasbarrini, A., \u0026amp; Ponziani, F. R. (2019). Going with the gut: probiotics as a novel therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. \u003ci\u003eHepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/hbsn.amegroups.com\/article\/viewFile\/23774\/22620\"\u003eEditorial\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRaza, M. H., Gul, K., Arshad, A., Riaz, N., Waheed, U., Rauf, A., ... \u0026amp; Arshad, M. (2019). Microbiota in cancer development and treatment. \u003ci\u003eJournal of cancer research and clinical oncology\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e145\u003c\/i\u003e(1), 49-63.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00432-018-2816-0\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSharma, A. (2019). Importance of Probiotics in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. In \u003ci\u003eRecent Developments in Applied Microbiology and Biochemistry\u003c\/i\u003e (pp. 33-45). Academic Press.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128163283000040\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSethi, V., Vitiello,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003eIngredients\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBioImmersion Probiotic Master Blend\u003c\/b\u003e – \u003cb\u003eProbiotics\u003c\/b\u003e- \u003ci\u003eBifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus\u003c\/i\u003e; \u003cb\u003ePrebiotic\u003c\/b\u003e- Inulin from chicory Root; \u003cb\u003eSupernatant\u003c\/b\u003e- probiotic metabolites, and \u003cb\u003eORNs\u003c\/b\u003e. 15 billion CFU.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCapsule- Cellulose \u0026amp; Water\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003eSuggested Use\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSUPERNATANT\u003c\/b\u003e— The supernatant is designed to address hospital generated infections.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHospital generated infections\u003c\/i\u003e: Take 2-4 during a hospital stay, or if infected with organisms such as C. difficile (causing diarrhea). It is used to address salmonella, food poisoning, yeast overgrowth, etc. It is also supportive with colitis, diverticulitis, and Crohn’s disease.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eColds and flu\u003c\/i\u003e: Take 1-2 capsules a day. Add 1 teaspoon of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eLact ORNs\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand dissolve in mouth. Add 1-2 capsules of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eGarlic\u003c\/b\u003e.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eASD (autistic spectrum disorder)\u003c\/i\u003e: many health care providers find the Supernatant is well tolerated by children with ASD. If 1 capsule is too much, open up the capsule and mix half the amount of the powder with water.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAn everyday probiotic\u003c\/i\u003e: Due to its strong protection and ability colonize and compete against pathogens, the Supernatant is an excellent choice for everyday probiotic. Take 1-2 daily as maintenance.*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eOur Favorite\u003c\/i\u003e: The Supernatant is such an advanced probiotic product. Our CEO, Seann Bardell, considers it his most favorite product, alongside the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eGarlic\u003c\/b\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhyto Power\u003c\/b\u003e,and\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFructo Borate\u003c\/b\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a probiotic mix it helps even the most sensitive people!*\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"BioImmersion Inc.","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43712314212396,"sku":"TF018","price":99.0,"currency_code":"CAD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0576\/4779\/2172\/files\/Supernatant-Synbiotic---Front.jpg?v=1723214756","url":"https:\/\/stratia-sandbox.myshopify.com\/products\/supernatant-synbiotic-formula","provider":"Scoutside Sandbox","version":"1.0","type":"link"}